Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu

Rao Bahadur Sir Kurma Venkatareddi Naidu KCSI (also known as K. V. Reddi Naidu; 1875–1942) was an Indian politician, lawyer, diplomat, and professor who served as the Prime Minister of Madras Presidency. He also served as the Governor of Madras Presidency — one of the only two Indians in history to have held the post. He was the only person to have held both the posts of Prime Minister and Governor of the Madras Presidency. As a prominent leader of the Justice Party, he formulated policies that promoted social equality, abolition of untouchability, and social reform. He also established the first women's college in Andhra region in Eluru.

Kurma Venkatareddi Naidu hailed from a prominent Telaga Kapu family in Godavari district. He studied at Madras Christian College and the Madras Law College. Before being called to the bar in 1900, he was a Professor of Physics at the Government Arts College, Rajahmundry. He practised as an advocate in Rajahmundry and Eluru. After serving on various local and district boards between 1901 and 1919, he joined the Justice Party and was a part of T. M. Nair's delegation to the United Kingdom in July 1918. Later, when a Justice Party government was formed in Madras, Naidu served in the cabinet of A. Subbarayalu Reddiar and the Raja of Panagal as Minister of Development and later as Minister of Industries from 1920 to 1923.

In 1928, Naidu was a member of the Indian delegation to the League of Nations, Geneva. He also served as India's Agent to the Union of South Africa from 1929 to 1932. He was a member of the Indian delegation which participated in the Second Round Table Conference in Cape Town in 1932.

After returning from South Africa, Naidu took up various positions with the Indian Government. He was a Law Member of the Council of State in 1933-1934 and a member of the Governor's Executive Council, Madras, 1934 -1937. He acted as the Governor of Madras Presidency from 18 June 1936 to 1 October 1936. He was selected as the Prime Minister of Madras Presidency on 1 April 1937 and served in this capacity till 14 July 1937. He also served as the Governor and ex-officio Chancellor of Andhra University and later as the Vice-Chancellor of Annamalai University in 1940. He died on 10 September 1942. Annamalai University offers a prize every year in his name, Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu Prize.

Early life
Kurma Venkatareddi Naidu was born on 15 May 1875 in Rajahmundry in Godavari district and belonged to a Telaga Kapu family. His father, Kurma Bapanna Naidu, won a name for himself as a Police Inspector. His mother, Venkata Ratnamma was reputed to be a pious and simple lady.

Naidu's ancestors were rich and reportedly owned two villages, Gangavaram and Kurmapuram in the Ramachandrapuram mandal of Godavari district. One of his paternal ancestors, Sambhanna Naidu, served as a military officer on the side of the English against the Dutch in the late eighteenth century and earned the title of Kumandan (Commandant) which became a family appellation.

Education
He completed his B.A. degree from Madras Christian College in 1894 and later attended Madras Law College. Before being called to the bar in 1900, he was a Professor of Physics at the Government Arts College, Rajahmundry. He started his practice as an advocate in Rajahmundry and then shifted to Eluru.

Early political career
Naidu served on local and district boards in Rajahmundry and Eluru between 1901 and 1919. He was a member of the Justice Party right from its inception. He was a part of the Justice Party delegation to England along with Dr. T. M. Nair and Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar in July 1918. In 1919, he led the non-Brahmin deputation to the Joint Parliamentary Committee on Constitutional Reforms. Naidu was an active partyman and when the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms were passed in 1919, Naidu formulated a set of activities that the Justice Party should follow.

"Social legislation has to be undertaken and inequitious laws that, for ages, maintained an invidious distinction between Brahmins and non-Brahmins, with regard to marriage, adoption and inheritance and the like, must be altered. Outside the sphere of politics, the work before us is equally onerous. Social reconstruction must be taken in hand at once. Social equality must be established. The strain of untouchability shall be removed. The dictates of priestcraft must be silenced. Paracheries must be purified. Agraharams must be humanized. The hold of humiliating customs and rituals must be unloosed. The portals of temples must be thrown broad open. The contents of sealed scriptures should be brought to light."

Minister in Justice Party Cabinet
In December 1920, when the Justice Party was elected to power in Madras Presidency, Naidu won a seat in the Madras Legislative Council and served as the Minister of Development. He also served as the Minister of Industries in the government of the Raja of Panagal from 1921 to 1923, when he was dropped in favour of T. N. Sivagnanam Pillai. He remained neutral when a vote of no-confidence was passed against the government of the Raja of Panagal.

In 1924, when the Muddiman Committee came to India to assess the implementation and progress of dyarchy, K. V. Reddi Naidu explained its progress thus:

"I was a Minister of Development without the forests. I was a Minister of Agriculture minus Irrigation. As a Minister of Agriculture I had nothing to do with the Madras Agriculturists Loan Act or the Madras Land Improvement Loans Act. The efficacy and efficiency of a Minister of Agriculture without having anything to do with irrigation, agricultural loans, land improvement loans and famine relief, may better be imagined than described. Then again, I was Minister of Industries without factories, boilers, electricity and water power, mines or labor, all of which are reserved subjects."

Naidu also lent his support to reduction of economic inequality in villages. A speech delivered by him in 1924 emphasised the dangers of colonial forms of property rights. In Naidu's view, "the English and Scotch land systems were based upon the Roman conception of Dominium. According to these systems, the landlord is the absolute owner of the soil. The tenant has no proprietary interest in it and has no rights whatsoever."

In 1928, Naidu was a member of the Indian delegation to the League of Nations, Geneva.

Agent to South Africa
In January 1929, Naidu succeeded V. S. Srinivasa Sastri as British India's Agent to the Union of South Africa. In January 1930, he came under severe criticism from the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) for not having done enough to protect the interests of the Indians migrants. In February 1930, the first reading of the TALT (Amendment) Bill was passed. The South African Indian Congress was severely opposed to the Bill and Naidu spoke at a meeting of the SAIC in October 1930 expressing his outrage. He was a member of the Indian delegation which participated in the Second Round Table Conference with the representatives of the South African Government on 4 January 1932. Naidu's term came to an end on 3 August 1932 and he was succeeded by Kunwar Maharaj Singh.

Acting Governor of Madras Presidency
On leaving South Africa, he took up various positions in the Indian Government. He became a member of the Council of State from 1933 to 1934, and a member of the Governor's Executive Council, Madras, 1934 -1937. In between, he was the acting Governor of Madras Presidency from June–October 1936.

Prime Minister of Madras Presidency
Naidu was the Prime Minister of Madras Presidency from 1 April 1937 to 14 July 1937. The 1937 assembly elections were held and the results declared in February 1937. Despite being the majority party in the assembly and the council, the Indian National Congress was hesitant to form a Government because of the veto powers given to the governor. The Governor of Madras, Lord Erskine, decided to form an interim provisional Government with non-members and opposition members of the Legislative Assembly. V. S. Srinivasa Sastri was first offered the Prime Ministership of the interim government but he refused to accept it.

Then Erskine formed an interim government with Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu as Prime Minister on 1 April 1937. However the ministry was short lived as the Congress was persuaded to form the government. On 14 July, Naidu resigned and Rajaji became Prime Minister. Naidu remains the shortest-serving Prime Minister of the Presidency era and (factoring in the Presidency's successor states of Madras and Tamil Nadu), remained the shortest-serving ever until V. N. Janaki overtook his record in 1988 - almost five decades later.

Council of ministers in K. V. Reddi Naidu's interim provisional cabinet (1 April - 14 July 1937):

Academia
Before being called to the bar in 1900, Naidu was a Professor of Physics at the Government Arts College, Rajahmundry. Andhra University was inaugurated in temporary premises at Bezawada in the year 1926 by Lord Goschen, the first Chancellor. Goschen was the Governor of Madras Presidency from April 1924 to June 1929. He was succeeded by Lord Erskine who was in the chair up to March 1940 except for a brief interregnum from 18 June 1936 to 1 October 1936. During this period, Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu was the Governor and ex-officio Chancellor of Andhra University. He also served as the Vice-Chancellor of Annamalai University in 1940. Annamalai University offers a prize every year in his name, the Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu Prize.

Personal life
Naidu lived in Madras in a palatial mansion on Boag Road, T. Nagar. The house later came under the ownership of film star Sivaji Ganesan. As a tribute to Naidu's exalted status and the high offices he held, the then European-owned Madras Southern Mahratta Railway allotted him, under instructions from the Government of India, a special salon exuding luxury whenever he travelled. This privilege was extended to very few Indians and he was the only one in the Madras Presidency to receive it. He died on 10 September 1942.

Naidu's son, Kurma Venu Gopalaswamy was an advocate, playwright and administrator. Venu Gopalaswamy was the first professor of law at Andhra University and the first honorary professor of theatre arts and chairman of the Faculty of Arts. In April 1942, Venu Gopalaswamy was appointed the Registrar of Andhra University which he held till his retirement in February 1964. Nalla Reddi Naidu, son of one of Venkatareddi Naidu's cousins, served as the first Member of Parliament of Rajahmundry from 1952 to 1957.