L'anima del filosofo

L'anima del filosofo, ossia Orfeo ed Euridice (The Soul of the Philosopher, or Orpheus and Euridice), Hob. 28/13, is an opera in Italian in four acts by Joseph Haydn and is one of the last two operas written during his life, the other being Armida (1783).The libretto, by Carlo Francesco Badini, is based on the myth of Orpheus and Euridice as told in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Composed in 1791 for His Majesty's Theatre during his first visit to England, the opera was never performed during Haydn's lifetime and only given its formal premiere in 1951.

Background
After his patron Prince Nikolaus Esterházy had died in 1790, Haydn travelled to London where he received a commission to write several symphonies. The impresario John Gallini offered him a contract to write an opera for The King's Theatre but due to a dispute between King George III and the Prince of Wales he was refused permission to stage it in May 1791. There are some uncertainties about why the opera was banned at the time.

The score was nearly completed but was not published in its complete form before the 20th century. It was partially published by Breitkopf & Härtel in c. 1807.

Various manuscripts were scattered in several European libraries. H. C. Robbins Landon did much to assemble the available scores.

Performance history
L'anima del filosofo remained unperformed until 9 June 1951, when it appeared at the Teatro della Pergola, Florence, with a cast including Maria Callas and Boris Christoff, under the conductor Erich Kleiber.

The UK premiere was in 1955, a concert performance at the St Pancras Festival. This was the debut of the baritone Derek Hammond-Stroud. It has been performed and recorded several times since then. The opera makes extensive use of the chorus.

Instrumentation
The opera is scored for a 12-instrument classical chamber orchestra:


 * Two flutes
 * Two oboes
 * Two clarinets
 * Two cors anglais
 * Two bassoons
 * Two horns
 * Two trumpets
 * Two trombones
 * timpani
 * harp
 * Strings
 * Continuo

Music
Haydn borrowed previously composed music as the basis for select portions of the opera. One notable example is Genio's "C Major" aria which was a reformed version of Flaminia's aria "Ragion nell'alma siede" from the 1773 opera, Philemon und Baucis.

Recordings

 * 1951 – Herbert Handt (Orfeo), Judith Hellwig (Euridice), Alfred Poell (Creonte), Hedda Heusser (Genio), Walter Berry (Pluto), Richard Walleigh (First courtier) – Wiener Staatsopernchor und Orchester, Hans Swarowsky – 3 LPs The Haydn Society
 * 1967 – Nicolai Gedda (Orfeo), Dame Joan Sutherland (Euridice), Spiro Malas (Creonte), Mary O'Brien (Genio), Simon Gilbert (Pluto) – Scottish Opera Chorus, Scottish National Orchestra, Richard Bonynge – 2 CDs Opera d'Oro
 * 1994 – Robert Swensen (Orfeo), Helen Donath (Euridice), Thomas Quasthoff (Creonte), Sylvia Greenberg (Genio), Paul Hansen (Pluto), Azuko Suzuki (Baccante) – Chor des Bayerischen Rundfunks, Münchner Rundfunkorchester, Leopold Hager – 2 CDs Orfeo
 * 1997 – Uwe Heilmann (Orfeo), Cecilia Bartoli (Euridice), Ildebrando d'Arcangelo (Creonte), Cecilia Bartoli (Genio), Andrea Silvestrelli (Pluto), Angela Kazimierczuk (Baccante) – Academy of Ancient Music, Christopher Hogwood – 2 CDs L'Oiseau-Lyre