Lament for Nippur

The Lament for Nippur, or the Lament for Nibru, is a Sumerian lament, also known by its incipit tur3 me nun-e ("After the cattle pen..."). It is dated to the Old Babylonian Empire (c. 1900–1600 BCE). It is preserved in Penn Museum on tablet CBS13856.

It is one of five known Mesopotamian "city laments"&mdash;dirges for ruined cities in the voice of the city's tutelary goddess.

Text
The Lament is composed of 9 kirugu (sections, songs) and 8 gišgigal (antiphons) followed by 3 more kirugu.

Numbered by kirugu, the lament is structured as follows:
 * 1) storm of Enlil; Enlil destroys Nippur
 * 2) weeping goddess; Nippur addresses Enlil
 * 3) storm of Enlil; Enlil destroys Nippur
 * 4) weeping goddess; the poet addresses Nippur
 * 5) storm of Enlil; Ishme-Dagan recreates Nippur
 * 6) weeping goddess; the poet addresses Nippur
 * 7) storm of Enlil; Ishme-Dagan recreates Nippur
 * 8) storm of Enlil; Enlil recreates Nippur
 * 9) storm of Enlil; Ishme-Dagan recreates Nippur
 * 10) storm of Enlil; Enlil recreates Nippur
 * 11) storm of Enlil; Ishme-Dagan recreates Nippur
 * 12) storm of Enlil; Enlil recreates Nippur

It includes passages in the emesal, a sociolect used by high-status women, showing the importance of women's voices in city laments; emesal is also found in the Lament for Ur.