Lampung

Lampung, officially the Province of Lampung (Provinsi Lampung), is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra. It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest, and a longer border with the province of South Sumatra to the north, as well a maritime border with the province of Banten and Jakarta to the east. It is the original home of the Lampung people, who speak their own language, and possess their own written script. Its capital is Bandar Lampung.

The province covers a land area of 33,575.41 km2 and had a population of 7,608,405 at the 2010 census, 9,007,848 at the 2020 census, and 9,313,990 (comprising 4,760,260 males and 4,553,720 females) according to the official estimates for mid 2023, with three-quarters of that being descendants of Javanese, Madurese, and Balinese migrants. These migrants came from more densely populated islands, in search of available land, as well as being part of the national government's Indonesian transmigration program, of which Lampung was one of the earliest and most significant transmigration destinations.

On 10 May 2005, a 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck the province. In 1883, the volcano of Krakatoa, located on an island in the Sunda Strait, suffered one of the most violent volcanic eruptions in recorded history, with disastrous consequences for the area and elsewhere, including estimates of human fatalities in the tens of thousands, and worldwide temperature and other weather effects for years.

History
In the 7th century, word spread throughout China of a region located in the far south (Namphang) known as "Tolang Pohwang", it is referred to Tulang Bawang Regency or regions alongside the Tulang Bawang River. Lampung was part of the Srivijaya empire, with its regional capital in Jambi, which controlled most of Southeast Asia until the 11th century era. The Srivijayans came to Lampung in search of gold and amber, two of the province's natural resources.

This history is substantiated by, unearthed relics and the discovery of the Palas Pasemah inscriptions and the Batu Bedil inscriptions in the Tenggamus region that trace back to Srivijayan times. Other, smaller kingdoms like Tulang Bawang. And Sekala Brak kingdoms maritime existed during the 7th to 8th centuries CE.

The entry of the Banten Sultanate in Lampung in the 16th century marked the beginning of the spread of Islam in the region. Lampung is known for pepper which at that time was in high demand. At that time, the Dutch began pressing for control of the region. In the 1930s Lampung still accounted for 30% of the world's pepper production.

The control of pepper production exercised by the Banten Sultanate made Lampung one of the most prosperous harbors in the archipelago. Similarly, pepper plants also attracted migrants from Europe as employees of trading companies. It was in 1610 that the Dutch East India Company established a trading post in Banten and later in the 17th century began the forceful pepper cultivation in Lampung to increase its already existing production. The area was part of the Banten Sultanate until it was annexed by the Dutch in 1752, when it became known as the Residentie Lampoengse Districten. It became part of the Dutch East Indies.

Under Dutch rule, transmigration programs were implemented. This program involved the migration of people from Java to Lampung. It was quite well-received and many residents of Java moved to the transmigration sites located in the eastern region of Lampung. The program was expanded after Indonesian independence in the 1960s. The Javanese brought cultural devices to Lampung, such as the gamelan and wayang. Balinese also came to Lampung to follow the transmigration program. The presence of migrants from other regions in Lampung has made this region culturally diverse. Ethnic diversity has become a tourist attraction in itself, with the added potential of nature and cultural tourism. Numerous art studios in the area act as a preserver of indigenous art and culture.

Geography
Lampung Province has an area of 33,575.41 km2 or about the same size as Moldova and is located between the latitudes of 105°45'-103°48 'E and 3°45'-6°45'S. The province borders the Sunda Strait to the southeast and the Java Sea to the east. There are a number of offshore islands within Lampung Province, such as: Daro, Legundi, Tegal, Sebuku, Ketagian, Sebesi, Poahawang, Krakatoa, Putus, and Tabuan. These islands are located mostly in the Bay of Lampung. Pisang Island lies at the entrance to the Regency of West Lampung.

Lampung's natural terrain varies depending on the region. Along the coast in the west and the south is an area of rolling hills connected to the Bukit Barisan mountain range, running throughout Sumatra from north to south. In the center of the province is mostly lowland. Close to the coast in the east, along with the shores of the Java Sea, further north, is the great waters.

The mountains situated in Lampung by height include:
 * Mount Pesagi (2,262 m) in Liwa, West Lampung
 * Mount Seminung (1,881 m) in Sukau, West Lampung
 * Mount Tebak (2,115 m) in Sumberjaya, West Lampung
 * Mount Rindingan (1,506 m) on the island stage, Tanggamus
 * Mount Pesawaran (1,662 m) in Kedondong, Pesawaran
 * Mount Betung (1,240 m) in Teluk Betung, Bandar Lampung
 * Mount Rajabasa (1,261 m) at the Trump, South Lampung
 * Mount Tanggamus (2,156 m) in Kotaagung, Tanggamus
 * Mount Krakatau in the Sunda Strait, South Lampung
 * Mount Sekincau Liwa, West Lampung
 * Mount Ratai in Padang Cermin, Pesawaran

The rivers that flow in Lampung by length and catchment area (CA) are:


 * Way Sekampung, length 265 km, CA 4795.52 km2
 * Way Semaka, length of 90 km, CA 985 km2
 * Way Seputih, length 190 km, CA 7149.26 km2
 * Way Jepara, 50 km, CA 1,285 km2
 * Way Tulangbawang, length 136 km, CA 1,285 km2
 * Way Mesuji, length 220 km, CA 2,053 km2
 * Way Sekampung, flowing in the district Tanggamus, Pringsewu, Pesawaran and South Lampung. Many tributaries, but no longer than 100 km. There is only one long river 51 km to CA 106.97 km2 is in the Trump Way Ketibung.
 * Way Putih flows in Central Lampung regency with tributaries that are longer than 50 km are:
 * Way Terusan, 175 km long, CA 1,500 km2
 * Way Pengubuan, length 165 km, CA 1143.78 km2
 * Way Pegadungan, a length of 80 km, CA 975 km2
 * Way Raman, length 55 km, CA 200 km2
 * Way Tulangbawang flows in the district Tulangbawang with creeks more than 50 km in length, of which:
 * Way Kanan, length 51 km, CA 1,197 km2
 * Way Rarem, length 53.50 km, CA 870 km2
 * Way Umpu, a length of 100 km, CA 1,179 km2
 * Way Tahmy, a length of 60 km, CA 550 km2
 * Way Besay also supplies a length of 113 km, CA 879 km2
 * Way Giham, a length of 80 km, CA 506.25 km2
 * Way Mesuji flows on the border of the provinces of Lampung and South Sumatra and to the north has a tributary named Crocodile River, along the 70 km by CA 347.5 km2.

Forests in the lowlands have been exhausted after being appropriated for agricultural development, which is needed for the migrants constantly entering this area. Timber forest products are exported abroad. Some forests remain in the area of Bukit Barisan Selatan.

Cities and towns in the province of Lampung with a height of 50 meters above sea level are: Tandjungkarang (96 m), Kedaton (100 m), Metro (53 m), Gisting (480 m), State Sakti (100 m), Pringsewu (50 m), Pekalongan (50 m), Batang (65 m), Punggur (50 m), Padang Queen (56 m), Wonosobo (50 m), Kedondong (80 m), Sidomulyo (75 m), Kasui (200 m), Sri Menanti (320 m) and Liwa (850 m).

Administrative divisions
Lampung Province, which was formed from the southern portion of South Sumatra Province in 1964, was initially composed of just three regencies (kabupaten) - Lampung Selatan, Lampung Tengah and Lampung Utara - and one autonomous city (kota) - Bandar Lampung. A fourth regency (Lampung Barat) was created on 16 August 1991 from part of Lampung Utara, and on 3 January 1997 two further regencies were created - Tanggamus from part of Lampung Selatan, and Tulang Bawang from part of Lampung Utara. On 20 April 1999 two additional regencies were formed - Lampung Timur from part of Lampung Tengah, and Way Kanan from part of Lampung Utara - as well as a second autonomous city - Metro - from another part of Lampung Tengah.

A ninth regency (Pesawaran) was created on 17 July 2007 from a further part of Lampung Selatan, and on 29 October 2008 three more regencies were formed - Mesugi and Tulang Bawang Barat from parts of Tulang Bawang Regency, and Pringsewu from part of Tanggamus Regency. Finally a thirteenth regency (Pesisir Barat) was formed on 25 October 2012 from the west coast part of Lampung Barat Regency. These are all listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 and 2020 censuses, and at the mid 2023 official estimates.

The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council. The Lampung I Electoral District consists of 6 of the regencies in the province (Tanggamus, South Lampung, Pesawaran, Pringsewu, West Lampung and Pesisir Barat), together with the cities of Bandar Lampung and Metro, and elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council. The Lampung II Electoral District consists of the remaining 7 regencies (East Lampung, Central Lampung, North Lampung, Way Kanan, Tulang Bawang, Mesuji and West Tulang Bawang), and likewise elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council.

Agriculture
Major crops in the region include robusta coffee beans, cocoa beans, coconuts and cloves. This has resulted in a thriving agricultural sector with companies like Nestlé procuring coffee beans from the region. This agriculture has included illegal growing in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. In addition, nata de coco is also manufactured in the region by domestic companies like Wong Coco.

Textiles


Until the 1920s, Lampung had a rich and varied weaving tradition. Lampung weaving used a supplementary weft technique which enabled colored silk or cotton threads to be superimposed on a plainer cotton background. The most prominent Lampung textile was the Palepai, ownership of which was restricted to the Lampung aristocracy of the Kalianda Bay area. There were two types of smaller clothes, known as tatibin and tampan, which could be owned and used by all levels of Lampungese society. Weaving technologies were spread throughout Lampung. High-quality weavings were produced by the Paminggir, Krui, Abung and Pesisir peoples. Production was particularly prolific among the people of the Kalianda Bay area in the south and the Krui aristocracy in the north.

Lampung textiles, Palepai, tatebin and tampan were called 'ship cloths' because ships are a common motif. The ship motif represents the transition from one realm of life to the next, for instance from boyhood to manhood or from being single to married, and also represents the final transition to the afterlife.

Traditionally, Lampung textiles were used as part of religious ceremonies such as weddings and circumcisions. For instance, Palepai cloths were used as long ceremonial wall-hangings behind the bridal party in aristocratic marriages. The smaller, more humble tampan cloth was exchanged between families at the time of weddings.

Production of fine cloth blossomed in the late nineteenth century as Lampung grew rich on pepper production, but the devastating eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 destroyed many weaving villages in the Kalianda area. By the 1920s the increasing importance of Islam and the collapse of the pepper trade brought production to a halt. Today Lampung textiles are highly prized by collectors.

Tourism
Although tourism is not Lampung Province's main source of income, the administration has attempted to boost tourism through many ways, mainly from beaches, such as Flamboyant Tanjung Setia. This attraction seeks to draw tourists to Tanjung Setia Beach, which has a natural panoramic view and a spot for surfing. There is also Pahawang Island and Sari Ringgung beach, which is also a popular tourist destination in Lampung. Lampung also has a national park, the Way Kambas National Park, which attracts many domestic and international tourists. In 2010, four-hundred thousand tourists visited Lampung Province, including ten thousand foreign tourists mainly from Australia and New Zealand.

Way Kambas National Park is a national park and elephant sanctuary in the district of Labuhan Ratu, East Lampung. In addition to Way Kambas, another elephant school (Elephant Training Centre) can also be found in Minas, Riau. The number of Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) living in the region has decreased. Way Kambas National Park was established in 1985 as the first elephant school in Indonesia and is expected to become a center for elephant conservation in taming, training, breeding and conservation. Until now, this PKG has trained about three hundred elephants that have been deployed to other parts of the country.

In recent years, the province has become largely popular for snorkeling and diving. Many domestic tourists, as well as international ones from various diving communities, visit the spots the province offers, such as: Pantai Ringgung, Pulau Tegal, Pulau Pahawang, Pulau Kelagian, Pulau Balak, Pulau Mahitam, and Tanjung Putus.

Demographics


Lampung's three major ethnic groups are the Javanese, Lampungese and Sundanese. The Lampungese are the native ethnic group of the province. Languages used in the province include Indonesian (official), Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, Minangkabau and Lampung. According to the Indonesian census from 2010 the province of Lampung is 64,17 percent Javanese, 13,56 percent Lampungese, 5,64 percent Malay and 0,53 percent Chinese.

Religion
The 2022 data of Ministry of Religious Affairs found 96.09% of the population as adherents to Islam and 2,22% as Christian. The remainder includes Hindus (1.4%), Buddhists (0.27%), and "other" including traditional beliefs (0.02%).

Land
In the province of Lampung, the Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar Toll Road spans from Bakauheni in South Lampung to Terbanggi Besar in Central Lampung along 140.9 km was completed in March 2019. The toll road has been under construction since April 2015. As for the cost of development, is predicted to reach Rp 53 trillion, including land acquisition and construction of approximately Rp 30 trillion. North of Terbanggi Besar to Kayu Agung (South-Sumatra), another toll road is under construction as part of the Trans-Sumatra toll road. This part will be finished in 2019. Lampung has a bus terminal at Terminal Rajabasa which is one of the biggest and busiest in Sumatra and Lampung, as well as the Talbot terminal in Bandar Lampung. Rajabasa airport's terminal at close range, intermediate, and far (AKAP) which has bus routes to cities in Sumatra and Java.

In addition to these two terminals, there are bus terminals located throughout the capital district in Lampung.

Sea
In the province, there are several ports. The Port of Panjang is an import-export harbor and Port Srengsem which serves the traffic coal distribution from South Sumatra to Java. About 92 km south of Bandar Lampung, lies the port city of Bakauheni, precisely at the southern tip of Sumatra. Located at the southern end of the Trans-Sumatran Highway, the Bakauheni port connects Sumatra to the Port of Merak in Java via sea transportation.

Air
Radin Inten II International Airport is the only airport in the province. It serves flights to Banten, Jakarta, Majalengka, Medan, Bandung, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Surakarta, Yogyakarta and more.

Rail
Lampung Province has a railway line between Bandar Lampung - Palembang, which is part of a railway network in South Sumatra operated by Kereta Api Indonesia Divre IV Tanjung Karang, located in Bandar Lampung. Bandar Lampung - Palembang railway line holds forty stations along 387,872 km stretches between Tanjung Karang station in Bandar Lampung to Kertapati station in Palembang.

Education
Schools in Lampung consist of kindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools/vocational schools as well as universities, both state and private. However, this article will only display a list of universities, because the number of schools is very large.

Universities / Colleges

 * Universitas Lampung (UNILA)
 * Sumatra Institute of Technology (ITERA)
 * Institut Agama Islam Negeri Metro
 * Negeri Lampung (POLINELA)
 * Indonesia Technocrat University
 * IBI Darmajaya Bandar Lampung
 * Bandar Lampung University
 * Muhammadiyah University
 * Malahayati University
 * Tulang Bawang University
 * Muhammadiyah Metro University
 * Muhammadiyah Kotabumi

Sports
The 15,000-capacity Pahoman Stadium is the main stadium in Lampung. The association football stadium opened in 1977.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Lampung consists of paintings of rice and pepper which are symbols of crops that are widely cultivated in Lampung. Laduk and payan in the form of machetes and spears are traditional weapons of the Lampung people. Gong symbolises the majesty of indigenous cultural arts. Siger as a symbol of cultural majesty. The umbrella is where people take shelter. On the emblem, there is an inscription Sang Bumi Ruwai Jurai which means one earth two traditions (ruwa and jurai) found in the indigenous people of Lampung which means Sang Bumi Lampung, which also has two traditions that crystallise on Adat namely Saibatin and Pepadun cultural traditions.