Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)

The Later Liang (386–403) was a dynastic state of China and one of the Sixteen Kingdoms in Chinese history. It was founded by the Lü family of the Di ethnicity.

All rulers of the Later Liang proclaimed themselves "Heavenly King" (Tian Wang).

Background
Lü Guang was a Di military general under the Former Qin dynasty. His family was from Lüeyang Commandery, and his father, Lü Polou was a key figure in supporting Fu Jian to the throne. Lü Guang participated in various military campaigns under Fu Jian, and in 383, he was sent to command an expedition to the Western Regions. In 384, Lü Guang conquered Kucha, where he captured and met the Buddhist monk, Kumārajīva. He initially intended to settle down in the Western Regions, but at the advice of Kumārajīva, decided to return to Former Qin with his plunders.

The Inspector of Liang province, Liang Xi was suspicious of Lü Guang and attempted to prevent him from returning. However, Lü Guang defeated and executed Liang Xi, thus taking control of the province and appointing himself as the new Inspector. It was around this time when he was made aware that the Former Qin was disintegrating following their defeat to the Eastern Jin at the Battle of Fei River in 383.

Reign of Lü Guang
In 386, after hearing of Fu Jian's death the prior year, Lü Guang posthumously honoured him as Emperor Wenzhao before introducing a new reign era at his capital, Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu). Historians consider this the beginning of the Later Liang dynasty, named so to distinguish it with the Former Liang and other Liang states from the period. However, Lü Guang would only claim an imperial title in 387, and even then, merely claiming the lowly title of Duke of Jiuquan.

In 387, after a series of rebellions, Lü Guang defeated Zhang Dayu, the son of the last Former Liang ruler Zhang Tianxi, and his supporters, who were trying to re-establish his family's state. In 389, he elevated himself to King of Sanhe. Lü Guang began conflict with the Western Qin in Longxi in 391, and after a major attack in 395, he briefly got them to submit as a vassal. In 396, he finally claimed the title of Heavenly King of Great Liang.

In 397, intending to punish Western Qin for rebelling, Lü Guang began another campaign against them, but this time, his forces were badly routed. After this defeat, another string of rebellions broke out in Later Liang. Most notably, the Tufa-Xianbei tribe rebelled at Lianchuan (廉川堡, in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) and founded the Southern Liang, while at Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye, Gansu), the Han Chinese administrator, Duan Ye, with the help of the Lushuihu Juqu tribe, established the Northern Liang. From here on, the Later Liang started to decline as they were unable to stop this new wave of rebellions.

Fall
In 400, Lü Guang declared himself retired emperor while his eldest son to his wife, Lü Shao succeeded him as Heavenly King. However, shortly after Lü Guang died, the eldest among all of Lü Guang's son, Lü Zuan, launched a coup and forced Lü Shao to commit suicide. During his reign, Lü Zuan attacked Southern Liang and Northern Liang but to no avail. In 401, his cousin, Lü Chao had him assassinated and passed the throne to his own brother, Lü Long.

Shortly after taking power, Lü Long had many of the local leaders killed. The situation in Later Liang soon became known to the Later Qin in the east, who then laid siege onto Guzang and forced Lü Long to submit as a vassal. Later Qin bestowed Lü Long the title of Duke of Jiankang and allowed him to remain at Guzang, although they also brought with them back Kumārajīva, who had been living as a captive under Later Liang. However, Lü Long continued to face attacks from Southern Liang and Northern Liang. No longer able to withstand the pressure, he surrendered his entire territory to Later Qin and moved to their capital of Chang'an in 403, thus ending the Later Liang.

Lü Long served as an official under Later Qin and kept his title of Duke of Jiankang. He became a confidant to the prince, Yao Bi, who plotted to usurp the role of Crown Prince from his brother, Yao Hong. However, in 416, after a failed coup, Yao Bi committed suicide and Lü Long was executed along with his brother Lü Chao.