Lex (URN)

Lex is a URN namespace, a type of Uniform Resource Name (URN), that allows accurate identification of laws and other legal norms.

LexML Brazil and Italy (Civil law countries) already officially recognize the URN LEX standard draft v0.9, as a namespace for sources of law.

Syntax
The identifier has a hierarchical structure as follows:

where NSS is the Namespace Specific String composed as follows:

where:
 * is the part providing the identification of the jurisdiction, generally corresponding to the country where the source of law is issued.
 *  is the uniform name of the source of law in the country or jurisdiction where it is issued; its internal structure is common to the already adopted schemas.

Illustrative examples of sources of law identified by lex URNs: urn:lex:it:stato:legge:2003-09-21;456             (Italian act) urn:lex:fr:etat:lois:2004-12-06;321               (French act) urn:lex:es:estado:ley:2002-07-12;123              (Spanish act) urn:lex:ch:glarus:regiere:erlass:2007-10-15;963   (Glarus Swiss Canton decree) urn:lex:eu:council:directive:2010-03-09;2010-19-UE (EU Council Directive) urn:lex:us:federal.supreme.court:decision:1963-03-18;372.us.335 (US FSC decision)

Concrete examples
Real URN LEX resolver at Brazil, the country where URN LEX was adopted since 2009, with the LexML.gov.br portal:


 * urn:lex:br:federal:constituicao:1988-10-05;1988: Brazilian Constitution of 1988.


 * urn:lex:br:federal:lei:2008-06-19;11705: Law nº 11.705, of June 19, 2008, known also as "Brazilian Prohibition".

Transparent identifiers
URNs are used as unique identifiers (unique IDs), like using ISBN to identify books. The URN is also nominated as a "public (unique) ID". In that kind of public use, the need for a central authority las a unique and necessary URN-resolver is a problem. In that context, the identifier's user must query the authority about the correct ID from some object's metadata, like year or title. IDs like ISBN, which need a central authority, are also named "opaque IDs".

A common use of Lex URNs is to express "transparent identifiers", which can be built up by simple rules or inferences from basic metadata. For example, the Brazilian Lex URN is used for both legislative and case law unique and universal identifier, using rules of formatting and abbreviation of the authority's name, the publication date, and the local identifier in the title of the document.

In computer science, an identifier is a data type. An opaque data type is a data type whose concrete data structure is not defined in an interface. In opposition, a data type whose representation is visible is called transparent.

URN schemes where each URN is also a transparent identifier can be used in distributed (non-central) URN-resolution systems. The URNs can be created in the absence of these systems, even before recording in these systems.