List of Brazilian scientists

This is a list of Brazilian scientists, those born in Brazil or who have established citizenship or residency there.


 * Manuel de Abreu (1894–1962), physician, inventor of abreugraphy (mass radiography of the lungs for screening tuberculosis)
 * Aziz Ab'Saber (1924–2012), geographer; geologist; ecologist recognized for the Theory of Refuges and Amazon studies; former president of the SBPC
 * Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida (1916–2013), geologist
 * Carlos Paz de Araújo, scientist and inventor, holds nearly 600 patents in the area of nanotechnology
 * José Márcio Ayres (1954–2003), biologist, zoologist, primatologist
 * Marcia Barbosa (born 1960), physicist
 * Eddy Bensoussan (born 1938), physician
 * Wilson Teixeira Beraldo (1917–1998), co-discoverer of bradykinin
 * Thaisa Storchi Bergmann (born 1955), astrophysicist at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
 * Carlos Augusto Bertulani (born 1955), physicist
 * Vital Brazil (1865–1950), physician and scientist, discoverer of the antivenom for snakes and other venomous animals
 * Ennio Candotti (born 1942), physicist and scientific leader
 * Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born 1931), sociologist and former President
 * José Cândido de Melo Carvalho (1914–1994), biologist, zoologist, entomologist
 * Carlos Chagas (1879–1934), biologist, zoologist, public health worker
 * Evandro Chagas (1905–1940), physician and biomedical scientist specialized in tropical medicine; son of Carlos Chagas
 * Gauss Moutinho Cordeiro (born 1952), mathematician and statistician
 * Vera Cordeiro (born 1950), social entrepreneur and physician
 * Newton da Costa (born 1929), mathematician and logician, recognised for his works in paraconsistent logic
 * Oswaldo Cruz (1872–1917), physician and public health champion, eliminated yellow fever, bubonic plague and smallpox in Rio de Janeiro at the turn of the 20th century
 * Johanna Döbereiner (1924–2000), biologist, discoverer of the nitrogen fixing role of soil bacteria
 * Adolpho Ducke (1876–1959), Croatian-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; entomologist; botanist
 * Florestan Fernandes (1920–1995), father of Brazilian sociology
 * Sérgio Henrique Ferreira (1934–2016), physician and pharmacologist, discovered the active principle of a drug for hypertension
 * Carlos Chagas Filho (1910–2000), physician and physiologist, former president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, former president of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences; son of Carlos Chagas
 * Hércules Florence (1804–1879), pioneer of photography
 * Santiago Americano Freire (1908–1997), physician and professor of pharmacology, psychiatrist, writer, painter
 * Gilberto Freyre (1900–1987), historiographer and sociologist
 * Celso Furtado (1920–2004), noted economist and ideologue of economy of developing nations
 * Marcelo Gleiser (born 1959), physicist, writer and professor of physics and astronomy at the Dartmouth College since 1991
 * José Goldemberg (born 1928), physicist, former Minister of Science & Technology and Dean of the University of São Paulo
 * Émil Göldi (1859–1917), Swiss-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; naturalist
 * Bartolomeu de Gusmão (1685–1724), Brazilian Catholic priest, pioneer of aviation, the inventor of the balloon, became known as the "flying priest"
 * Jacques Hüber (1867–1914), Swiss-Brazilian biologist; botanist
 * Ivan Izquierdo (1937–2021), physician and neuroscientist; discovered neural mechanisms of memory
 * Jean Paul Jacob (1937–2019), electronic engineer, researcher and professor, research manager at the Almaden IBM Research Center, California
 * Adib Jatene (1929–2014), heart surgeon
 * Alexander Kellner (born 1961), Liechtensteinian/Brazilian paleontologist
 * Warwick Estevam Kerr (1922–2018), geneticist, researcher on the biology and genetics of bees
 * Eduardo Krieger (born 1928), physician and physiologist, former president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
 * César Lattes (1924–2005), experimental physicist, co-discoverer of the pion, a type of subatomic particle, first president of the Brazilian National Research Council
 * Napoleão Laureano (1914–1951), cancer researcher
 * Aristides Leão (1914–1993), physician and physiologist, discovered Leão's depression, a phenomenon of nervous tissue
 * Ângelo Moreira da Costa Lima (1887–1964), doctor, entomologist
 * Henrique da Rocha Lima (1879–1956), physician, pathologist and infectologist, discovered Rickettsia prowazekii, the pathogen of epidemic typhus
 * José Leite Lopes (1918–2006), theoretical physicist
 * Adolfo Lutz (1855–1940), physician and pioneer of public health
 * José Lutzenberger (1926–2002), ecologist and zoologist
 * Roberto Landell de Moura (1861–1928), pioneer of telephony
 * Fritz Müller (1821–1897), German-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; botanist; naturalist; entomologist
 * Miguel Nicolelis (born 1961), neuroscientist, one of Scientific American's best scientists of 2004
 * Jacob Palis (born 1940), mathematician of international fame, current president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
 * Maurício Peixoto (1921–2019), engineer, mathematician, pioneered the studies on structural stability, author of Peixoto's theorem
 * Domingos Soares Ferreira Penna (1818–1888), biologist, zoologist, naturalist
 * José Aristodemo Pinotti (1934–2009), physician and gynecologist, former president of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
 * Marcos Pontes (born 1963), first Brazilian astronaut, Missão Centenário
 * Patricia Pranke (born 1967), stem cell researcher, professor
 * Ana Maria Primavesi (1920–2020), soil scientist and promoter of the ecological management of tropical soils
 * André Rebouças (1838–1898), pioneer engineer, brother of Antônio Rebouças Filho
 * José Reis (1907–2002), biologist, greatest Brazilian science writer
 * Gilberto Righi (1937–1999), biologist, zoologist, specialist on earthworms
 * Milton Santos (1926–2001), geographer, won the Vautrin Lud International Geography Prize, the highest award that can be gained in the field of geography
 * Alberto Santos-Dumont (1873–1932), aviator and inventor
 * Ademar Agostinho Sauthier (1940), theologist
 * Mário Schenberg (1914–1990), theoretical physicist
 * Helmut Sick (1910–1991), German-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; ornithologist
 * Lotar Siewerdt (born 1939), agronomist; forage production
 * Manuel Augusto Pirajá da Silva (1873–1961), responsible for the identification and complete description of the pathogenic agent and the pathophysiological cycle of schistosomiasis disease
 * Maurício Rocha e Silva (1910–1983), physician and pharmacologist, discovered bradykinin, an active cardiovascular peptide
 * Emilio Joaquim da Silva Maia (1808–1859), physician and naturalist
 * Nise da Silveira (1905–1999), psychiatrist and mental health reformer
 * Jorge Stolfi (born 1950), computer scientist, professor at UNICAMP
 * Jayme Tiomno (1920–2011), experimental and theoretical nuclear physicist
 * Paulo Emílio Vanzolini (1924–2013), biologist, zoologist, herpetologist
 * Glaci Zancan (1935–2007), biochemist
 * Mayana Zatz (born 1947), biologist and geneticist
 * Euryclides Zerbini (1912–1993), heart surgeon, pioneer of first heart transplant in Brazil

Foreign scientists and engineers who lived or live in Brazil

 * Alexander Grothendieck (1928–2014), French mathematician
 * David Bohm (1917–1992), American physicist
 * Gregory Chaitin (born 1947), Argentine-American mathematician
 * Louis Couty (1854–1884), French physiologist and pharmacologist
 * Miguel Rolando Covian (1913–1992), Argentinian physiologist
 * Orville Adalbert Derby (1851–1915), American geologist
 * Heinz Ebert (1907–1983), German geologist
 * Luigi Fantappiè (1901–1956), Italian mathematician
 * Richard Feynman (1918–1988), American physicist
 * Charles Frederick Hartt (1840–1878), Canadian-American geologist and paleontologist
 * Hermann von Ihering (1850–1930), German naturalist
 * Fritz Köberle (1910–1983), Austrian physician and pathologist
 * Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff (1774–1852), German/Russian naturalist
 * Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009), French anthropologist
 * Emmanuel Liais (1826–1900), French astronomer and naturalist
 * Lucien Lison (1908–1984), Belgian anatomist
 * Fritz Müller (1821–1897), German naturalist
 * Giuseppe Occhialini (1907–1993), Italian physicist
 * Ludwig Riedel (1790–1861), German botanist
 * Oscar Sala (1922–2010), Italian nuclear physicist
 * Carl August Wilhelm Schwacke (1848–1904), German botanist
 * Friedrich Sellow (1789–1831), German botanist
 * Helmut Sick (1910–1991), German zoologist
 * Peter Szatmari (born 1950), Hungarian geologist
 * Gleb Wataghin (1899–1986), Russian/Italian physicist
 * Stefan Zweig (1881–1942), Austrian novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer