List of Latin-script trigraphs

A number of trigraphs are found in the Latin script.

A
$⟨aai⟩$ is used for in Dutch and various Cantonese romanisations.

$⟨abh⟩$ is used for ( in Ulster) in Irish.

$⟨adh⟩$ is used for ( in Ulster) in Irish, when stressed or for  ( in Mayo and Ulster), when unstressed word-finally.

$⟨aei⟩$ is used for in Irish.

$⟨agh⟩$ is used for ( in Ulster) in Irish.

$⟨aim⟩$ is used for ( before a vowel) in French.

$⟨ain⟩$ is used for ( before a vowel) in French. It also represents in Tibetan Pinyin, where it is alternatively written.

$⟨air⟩$ is used for in RP, as in chair.

$⟨aío⟩$ is used for in Irish, between broad consonants.

$⟨amh⟩$ is used for in Irish.

$⟨aoi⟩$ is used for in Irish, between a broad and a slender consonant.

$⟨aon⟩$ is used for ( before a vowel) in French.

$⟨aou⟩$ is used for in French.

$⟨aoû⟩$ is used in a few words in French for.

$⟨aqh⟩$ is used for the strident vowel in Taa (If IPA does not display properly, it is an $⟨a⟩$ with a double tilde $⟨≈⟩$ underneath.)

B–C
$⟨bhf⟩$ is used for and  in Irish. It is used for the eclipsis of $⟨f⟩$.

$⟨cʼh⟩$ is used for (a voiceless velar fricative) in Breton. It should not be confused with ch, which represents (a voiceless postalveolar fricative).

$⟨ccs⟩$ is used for in Hungarian for germinated $⟨cs⟩$. It is collated as rather than as. It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence.

$⟨chd⟩$ is used for in Eskayan romanised orthography.

$⟨chh⟩$ is used for in Quechua and romanizations of Indic languages

$⟨chj⟩$ is used in for Corsican. $⟨chw⟩$ is used for in southern dialects of Welsh

$⟨cci⟩$ is used for before $⟨a⟩$, $⟨o⟩$, $⟨u⟩$ in Italian.

D
$⟨dch⟩$ is used for the prevoiced aspirated affricate in Juǀʼhoan.

$⟨ddh⟩$ is used for the dental affricate in Chipewyan.

$⟨ddz⟩$ is a long Hungarian $⟨dz⟩$,. It is collated as $⟨dz⟩$ rather than as $⟨d⟩$. It is not used within roots, where $⟨dz⟩$ may be either long or short; but when an assimilated suffix is added to the stem, it may form the trigraph rather than the regular sequence *$⟨dzdz⟩$. Examples are eddze, lopóddzon.

$⟨djx⟩$ is used for the prevoiced uvularized affricate in Juǀʼhoan.

$⟨dlh⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet of Hmong.

$⟨drz⟩$ is used for in English transcriptions of the Polish digraph.

$⟨dsh⟩$ is used for the foreign sound in German. A common variant is the tetragraph. It is used in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced aspirated affricate.

$⟨dsj⟩$ is used for foreign loan words with Norwegian. Sometimes the digraph dj is used.

$⟨dtc⟩$ is used for the voiced palatal click in Naro.

$⟨dzh⟩$ is used for in English transcriptions of the Russian digraph. In the practical orthography of Taa, where it represents the prevoiced affricate.

$⟨dzi⟩$ is used for when it precedes a vowel and  otherwise in Polish, and is considered a variant of the digraph dź appearing in other situations.

$⟨dzs⟩$ is used for the voiced palato-alveolar affricate in Hungarian

$⟨dzx⟩$ is used for the prevoiced uvularized affricate in Juǀʼhoan.

$⟨dzv⟩$ is used for the whistled sibilant affricate in Shona.

E
$⟨eai⟩$ is used for in Irish, between slender consonants. It is also used in French for after $⟨g⟩$.

$⟨eái⟩$ is used for in Irish, between slender consonants.

$⟨eau⟩$ is used for in French and is a word itself meaning "water".

$⟨eaw⟩$ is used for in Lancashire dialect.

$⟨ein⟩$ is used for ( before a vowel) in French.

$⟨eoi⟩$ is used for in Irish, between slender consonants.

$⟨eqh⟩$ is used for the strident vowel in the practical orthography of Taa (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an $⟨e⟩$ with a double tilde $⟨≈⟩$ underneath).

$⟨eeu⟩$ is used for in Afrikaans.

G
$⟨geü⟩$ is used for in French words such as vergeüre.

$⟨ggi⟩$ is used for before $⟨a⟩$, $⟨o⟩$, $⟨u⟩$ in Italian.

$⟨ggj⟩$ is used for in the Nynorsk Norwegian standard; e.g., leggja "lay".

$⟨ggw⟩$ is used for ejective in Hadza.

$⟨ggy⟩$ is used for in Hungarian as a geminated $⟨gy⟩$. It is collated as $⟨gy⟩$ rather than as $⟨g⟩$. It is only used within roots; when two $⟨gy⟩$ are brought together in a compound

$⟨ghj⟩$ is used for in Corsican.

$⟨ghw⟩$ is used for a labialized velar/uvular in Chipewyan. In Canadian Tlingit it represents, which is written $⟨g w⟩$ in Alaska.

$⟨gli⟩$ is used for before a vowel other than $⟨i⟩$ in Italian.

$⟨gln⟩$ is used for in Talossan.

$⟨gni⟩$ is used for in a few French words such as châtaignier.

$⟨guë⟩$ and $⟨güe⟩$ are used for at the ends of words that end in the feminine suffix -e in French. E.g. aiguë "sharp" and ambiguë "ambiguous". In the French spelling reform of 1990, it was recommended that traditional $⟨guë⟩$ be changed to $⟨güe⟩$.

$⟨gqh⟩$ is used for the prevoiced affricate in the practical orthography of Taa.

$⟨gǃh⟩$ $⟨gǀh⟩$ $⟨gǁh⟩$ $⟨gǂh⟩$ are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced aspirated clicks,.

$⟨gǃk⟩$ $⟨gǀk⟩$ $⟨gǁk⟩$ $⟨gǂk⟩$ are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced affricate ejective-contour clicks,.

$⟨gǃx⟩$ $⟨gǀx⟩$ $⟨gǁx⟩$ $⟨gǂx⟩$ are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced affricate pulmonic-contour clicks,.

H–I
$⟨hhw⟩$ is used for a labialized velar/uvular in Chipewyan.

$⟨hml⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

$⟨hny⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

$⟨hky⟩$ is used for the aspirated voiceless post-alveolar affricate in some romanizations of Burmese ချ or ခြ.

$⟨idh⟩$ is used for an unstressed word-final in Irish, which is realised as,  and  depending on dialect.

$\langleieë\rangle$ represents in Afrikaans.

$⟨igh⟩$ is used for an unstressed word-final in Irish, which is realised as,  and  depending on dialect. In English it may be used for, e.g. light.

$⟨ign⟩$ is used for in a few French words such as oignon  "onion" and encoignure "corner". It was eliminated in the French spelling reform of 1990, but continues to be used.

$⟨ije⟩$ is used for or  in the ijekavian reflex of Serbo-Croatian.

$⟨ilh⟩$ is used for in Breton.

$⟨ill⟩$ is used for in French, as in épouiller.

$⟨iqh⟩$ is used for the strident vowel in the practical orthography of Taa. (If IPA does not display properly, it is an $⟨i⟩$ with a double tilde $⟨≈⟩$ underneath.)

$⟨iúi⟩$ is used for in Irish, between slender consonants.

J–L
$⟨khu⟩$ is used for in Ossete.

$⟨khw⟩$ is used for in Canadian Tlingit, which is written $⟨k w⟩$ in Alaska.

$⟨kkj⟩$ is used for in the Nynorsk Norwegian standard, e.g. in ikkje "not".

$⟨kng⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨k'u⟩$ is used for in Purépecha.

$⟨kwh⟩$ is a common convention for.

$⟨lhw⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨lli⟩$ is used for after  in a few French words, such as coquillier.

$⟨lly⟩$ is used for in Hungarian as a geminated $⟨ly⟩$. It is collated as $⟨ly⟩$ rather than as $⟨l⟩$. It is only used within roots; when two $⟨ly⟩$ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence $⟨lyly⟩$.

$⟨lyw⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

N
$⟨nch⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

$⟨ndl⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In Xhosa is represents.

$⟨ndz⟩$ is used for in Xhosa.

$⟨ngʼ⟩$ is used for in Swahili. Technically, it may be considered a digraph rather than a trigraph, as $⟨ʼ⟩$ is not a letter of the Swahili alphabet.

$⟨ngb⟩$ is used for, a prenasalised $⟨gb⟩$ , in some African orthographies.

$⟨ngc⟩$ is used for in Xhosa.

$⟨ngg⟩$ is used for in several languages such as Filipino and Malay that use $⟨ng⟩$ for.

$⟨ngh⟩$ is used for, before $⟨e⟩$, $⟨i⟩$, and $⟨y⟩$, in Vietnamese. In Welsh, it represents a voiceless velar nasal (a $⟨c⟩$ under the nasal mutation). In Xhosa, $⟨ngh⟩$ represents a murmured velar nasal.

$⟨ng'h⟩$ is used for voiceless in Gogo.

$⟨ngk⟩$ is used for a back velar stop,, in Yanyuwa

$⟨ngm⟩$ is used for doubly articulated consonant in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea.

$⟨ngq⟩$ is used for in Xhosa.

$⟨ngv⟩$ is used for in Bouyei and Standard Zhuang.

$⟨ngw⟩$ is used or  in the orthographies of several languages.

$⟨ngx⟩$ is used for in Xhosa.

$⟨nhw⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨nkc⟩$ is info for in Xhosa.

$⟨nkh⟩$ is used in for the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

$⟨nkp⟩$ is used for, a prenasalized , in some African orthographies.

$⟨nkq⟩$ is used for the alveolar click in Xhosa.

$⟨nkx⟩$ is used for the prenasalized lateral click in Xhosa.

$⟨nng⟩$ is used in Inuktitut and Greenlandic to write a long (geminate) velar nasal,.

$⟨nny⟩$ is a long Hungarian $⟨ny⟩$,. It is collated as $⟨ny⟩$ rather than as $⟨n⟩$. It is only used within roots; when two $⟨ny⟩$ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence $⟨nyny⟩$.

$⟨nph⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

$⟨npl⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

$⟨nqh⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

$⟨nrh⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

$⟨ntc⟩$ is used for the click in Naro.

$⟨nth⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Yanyuwa it represents a dental stop,.

$⟨ntj⟩$ is used for in Cypriot Arabic.

$⟨ntl⟩$ is used for in Xhosa.

$⟨nts⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In Malagasy it represents.

$⟨ntx⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

$⟨nyh⟩$ is used for in Xhosa. In Gogo it's voiceless.

$⟨nyk⟩$ is used for a pre-velar stop, in Yanyuwa.

$⟨nyw⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨nzv⟩$ is used for the prenasalized whistled sibilant in Shona.

$⟨nǃh⟩$ is used for the alveolar murmured nasal click in Juǀʼhoan

$⟨nǀh⟩$ is used for the dental murmured nasal click in Juǀʼhoan.

$⟨nǁh⟩$ is used for the lateral murmured nasal click in Juǀʼhoan.

$⟨nǂh⟩$ is used for the palatal murmured nasal click in Juǀʼhoan.

M
$⟨mpt⟩$ is used for the sound in Portuguese.

O
$⟨obh⟩$ is used for ( in Ulster) in Irish.

$⟨odh⟩$ is used for ( in Ulster) in Irish.

$\langleoeë\rangle$ is used for in Afrikaans.

$\langleoei\rangle$ is used for in Dutch and Afrikaans.

$⟨oen⟩$ is that represents a Walloon nasal vowel.

$⟨oeu⟩$ is used for and  in the Classical Milanese orthography for the Milanese dialect of Lombard.

$⟨ogh⟩$ is used for ( in Ulster) in Irish.

$⟨oin⟩$ is used for ( before a vowel) in French. In Tibetan Pinyin, it represents and is alternately ön.

$⟨oío⟩$ is used for in Irish, between broad consonants.

$⟨omh⟩$ is used for in Irish.

$⟨ooi⟩$ is used for in Dutch and Afrikaans.

$⟨oqh⟩$ is used for the strident vowel in the practical orthography of Taa. (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an $⟨o⟩$ with a double tilde $⟨≈⟩$ underneath.)

P–R
$⟨plh⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

$⟨pmw⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨pqb⟩$ is used for in Soninke.

$⟨p'h⟩$ is used in Kuanua, in p'hoq̄e'ẽ "water".

$⟨pss⟩$ is used for in Silesian.

$⟨que⟩$ is used for final in some English words of French origin, such as macaque, oblique, opaque, and torque.

$⟨quh⟩$ is used for in several English names of Scots origin, such as Sanquhar, Farquhar, and Urquhart or, as in Colquhoun.

$⟨qxʼ⟩$ is used for the affricate in the practical orthography of Taa.

$⟨rds⟩$ is used for the sje sound in Swedish in the word gärdsgård  "roundpole fence".

$⟨rlw⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨rnd⟩$ is used for a retroflex stop in Yanyuwa.

$⟨rng⟩$ is used for, a uvular nasal followed by velar nasal, in Inuktitut.

$⟨rnw⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨rrh⟩$ is used for in words of Greek derivation such as diarrhea.

$⟨rrw⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨rsk⟩$ is used for the sje sound in Swedish as in the word marskalk  "marshal".

$⟨rtn⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨rtw⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

S
$⟨sch⟩$ is used for in German and other languages influenced by it such as Low German and Romansh. It is used for the sje sound in Swedish at the end of a French loanword; e.g., marsch (fr. marche), or in Greek loanwords, such as schema (schedule) and ischias. In Walloon, it represents a consonant that is variously, , , or , depending on the dialect. In English, $⟨sch⟩$ is usually used for, but the word  (from the Late Latin schedula) can be or  depending on dialect. In Dutch, it may represent word-final, as in the common suffix -isch and in some (sur)names, like Bosch and Den Bosch. In the Rheinische Dokumenta, $⟨sch⟩$ is used to denote the sounds, and , while $⟨sch⟩$ with an arc below denotes.

$⟨sci⟩$ is used in Italian for before $⟨a⟩$, $⟨o⟩$, $⟨u⟩$.

$⟨shʼ⟩$ is used in Bolivian Quechua for.

$\langleshr\rangle$ is used in Gwich'in for.

$⟨skj⟩$ represents a fricative phoneme in some Scandinavian languages. In Faroese (e.g. at skjóta "to shoot") and in Norwegian (e.g. kanskje "maybe"), it is a usually the voiceless postalveolar fricative. In Swedish (e.g. skjorta "shirt") it is often realised as the sje sound.

$⟨ssi⟩$ is used for in English such as in mission. It is used in a few French loanwords in Swedish for the sje sound, e.g. assiett "dessert plate".

$⟨ssj⟩$ is used for the sje sound in a few Swedish words between two short vowels, such as hässja "hayrack".

$⟨sth⟩$ is found in words of Greek origin. In French, it is pronounced before a consonant, as in isthme and asthme; in American English, it is pronounced  in isthmus and  in asthma.

$⟨stj⟩$ is used for the sje sound in 5 native Swedish words, it can also represent the voiceless postalveolar fricative  or the consonant cluster  in Norwegian depending on dialect.

$⟨ssz⟩$ is a long Hungarian $⟨sz⟩$,. It is collated as $⟨sz⟩$ rather than as $⟨s⟩$. It is only used within roots; when two $⟨sz⟩$ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence $⟨szsz⟩$.

$⟨sze⟩$ is used for in Cantonese romanization.

$⟨s-c⟩$ and $⟨s-cc⟩$ are used for the sequence in Piedmontese.

$⟨s-g⟩$ and $⟨s-gg⟩$ are used for the sequence in Piedmontese.

T
$⟨tcg⟩$ is used for the click in Naro.

$⟨tch⟩$ is used for the aspirated click in Naro, the aspirated affricate  in Sandawe, Hadza and Juǀʼhoan, and the affricate  in French and Portuguese. In modern Walloon it is, which used to be written ch. In Swedish it is used for the affricate in a small number of English loanwords, such as match and batch. In English it is a variant of the digraph $⟨ch⟩$, used in situations similar to those that trigger the digraph $⟨ck⟩$ for $⟨k⟩$.

$⟨tcx⟩$ is used for the uvularized affricate in Juǀʼhoan.

$⟨thn⟩$ and $⟨tnh⟩$ are used for in Arrernte.

$⟨ths⟩$ is used for in Xhosa. It is often replaced with the ambiguous trigraph $⟨tsh⟩$.

$⟨thw⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨tlh⟩$ is used for in languages such as Tswana, and is  in the fictional Klingon language from Star Trek, where it is treated as a single letter.

$⟨tnh⟩$ and $⟨thn⟩$ are used for in Arrernte.

$⟨tnw⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨tny⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨tsg⟩$ is used for in Naro.

$⟨tsh⟩$ is used in various languages, such as Juǀʼhoan, for the aspirated affricate. In the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, it represents the sound. In Xhosa, it may be used to write, , or , though it is sometimes limited to , with and  distinguished as $⟨ths⟩$ and $⟨thsh⟩$.

$⟨tsj⟩$ is used for in Dutch and Norwegian.

$⟨tsv⟩$ is used for the whistled sibilant affricate in Shona.

$⟨tsx⟩$ is used for the uvularized affricate in Juǀʼhoan.

$⟨tsy⟩$ is used for or  in Seneca, can also be $⟨j⟩$.

$⟨tsz⟩$ is used for the syllables and  in Cantonese romanization.

$⟨tth⟩$ is used for dental affricate in Chipewyan.

$⟨ttl⟩$ is used for ejective in Haida (Bringhurst orthography).

$⟨tts⟩$ is used for ejective in Haida (Bringhurst orthography).

$⟨tty⟩$ is used for in Hungarian as a geminated $⟨ty⟩$. It is collated as $⟨ty⟩$ rather than as $⟨t⟩$. It is only used within roots; when two $⟨ty⟩$ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence $⟨tyty⟩$.

$⟨txh⟩$ is used for in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

$⟨tyh⟩$ is used for in Xhosa.

$⟨tyw⟩$ is used for in Arrernte.

$⟨tze⟩$ is used for in Cantonese names (such as Cheung Tze-keung) or in Chinese names (such as Yangtze).

U–Z
$⟨uío⟩$ is used for in Irish, between broad consonants.

$⟨uqh⟩$ is used for the strident vowel in the practical orthography of Taa. (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an $⟨u⟩$ with a double tilde $⟨≈⟩$ underneath.)

$⟨urr⟩$ is used for in Central Alaskan Yup'ik.

$⟨xhw⟩$ is used for in Canadian Tlingit, which is written $⟨x w⟩$ in Alaska.

$⟨zzs⟩$ is used for in Hungarian as a geminated $⟨zs⟩$. It is collated as $⟨zs⟩$ rather than as $⟨z⟩$. It is only used within roots; when two $⟨zs⟩$ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence $⟨zszs⟩$.

Other
$⟨ŋgb⟩$ (capital $⟨Ŋgb⟩$) is used for in Kabiye, a pre-nasalized $⟨gb⟩$.

$⟨ǃʼh⟩$ $⟨ǀʼh⟩$ $⟨ǁʼh⟩$ $⟨ǂʼh⟩$ are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four aspirated nasal clicks,.

$⟨ǃkx⟩$ $⟨ǀkh⟩$ $⟨ǁkx⟩$ $⟨ǂkx⟩$ are used in Khoekhoe for its four plain aspirated clicks,.