List of banners in the Battle of Grunwald

The following tables list the banners of the Lithuanian and Polish forces participating in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.

Poland
The exact Order of Battle of the Polish forces is unknown. However, Ioannes Longinus in his Historiæ Polonicæ written after 1455 recorded 51 Polish banners, together with their descriptions, blazoning and commanders.

Unfortunately, this list also has some obvious errors:


 * at the time of the battle several of the banners attributed to Poland were constituents of the Lithuanian army (e.g. Lwów, Podolia, Halicz);
 * Coat of Arms of Lithuania (Vytis) was a banner exclusively of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania;
 * arrows, axes and horseshoes are typical to Lithuanian heraldry, but not the Polish one, etc...

It is not certain whether the list is complete.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" ! Banner of ! Battle sign !Blazon from Longinus' Historiae Polonicae ! Origin ! Remarks ! colspan="15" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;" |
 * - style="background: #ececec;"

Army of The Crown - Court Banners
! Great Banner of Kraków and the Kingdom of Poland ! "Gończa" Court Banner ! Coat of Arms of Lithuania Court Banner ! Saint George ! colspan="15" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;" |
 * align="left" | Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg Arms of Poland
 * Primum vexillum magnum Cracoviensis terrae, cuius alba aquila coronata, extensis alis, in campo rubeo
 * Elite troops, under Zyndram of Maszkowice
 * Elite troops, under Zyndram of Maszkowice
 * align="left" | Choragiew goncza 1410.svg Goncza Coat of Arms
 * Secundum vexillum Goncza, cuius duae cruces caeruleae in campo caelestino
 * under Andrzej of Ochocice of Osorya
 * under Andrzej of Ochocice of Osorya
 * align="left" | Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-03.svg Coat of Arms of Lithuania
 * Tertium Cubiculariorum, cuius vir armatus equo candido insidens, gladimque manu vibrant, in campo rubeo
 * under Andrzej Ciołek of Żelechów and Jan of Sprowa of Odrowąż
 * under Andrzej Ciołek of Żelechów and Jan of Sprowa of Odrowąż
 * align="left" |
 * Quartum Sancti Georgiu, habens crucem albam in campo rubeo
 * Bohemian and Moravian mercenaries, under Sokol and Zbyslavek
 * Bohemian and Moravian mercenaries, under Sokol and Zbyslavek

Army of The Crown - Regional Banners
! Land of Poznań ! Land of Sandomierz ! Land of Kalisz ! Land of Sieradz ! Land of Lublin ! Land of Łęczyca ! Land of Kuyavia ! Land of Lwów ! Land of Wieluń ! Land of Przemyśl ! Land of Dobrzyń ! Land of Chełm ! Three banners of Podolia ! Land of Halicz ! colspan="15" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;" |
 * align="left" | Chorągiew ziemi poznańskiej.svg Coat of Arms of Poznań
 * Quintum terrae Posnaniensis, albam aquilamin campo rubeo, non coronatam
 * align="left" | Flaga Sandomierza.svg Flag of Sandomierz
 * Sextium Sandomiriensis terrae, in quo pro una medierate tres barrae, seu tractus glauci, in campo rubeo, pro altera septem stellae, in campo caelestino
 * align="left" | Flaga Kalisz.png Flag of Kalisz
 * Septimum Calissiense, caput bubali in skakorum tabula, diademate Regio ornatum, ex cuius naribus circulus rotundus pendebar
 * align="left" | Flag of Sieradz
 * Octavum terrae Siradiensis, in quo pro una medierate, medietas aquilae albae in campo rubeo, pro altera medietas leonis flammei in campo albo
 * align="left" | Flaga Lublin.png Jeleń
 * Nonum terrae Lubliensis, ceruum cornibus extensis in campo rubeo
 * align="left" | Flag of Łęczyca
 * Decimum terrae Lancitiensis, euius insigne media pars nigrae aquilae, media vero albi leonis picti, in campo caeruleo, capita habentes coronata
 * align="left" | Coat of Arms of Cuyavia
 * Undecimuni terrae Cuiaviensis, in quo pro una inedietate aquilae nigrae in campo caeruleomedietas; pro altera medietas leonis albi in campo rubeo, capita coronata gestantes
 * align="left" | Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-05.svg Banner of Lwów
 * Duodecimum terrae Leopoliensis, leonem caeruleum per modum pertam conscendentem, in campo caelestino
 * align="left" | Grunwald Velumensis Terra banderium.svg Flag of Wieluń
 * Tredecimum terrae Vielunensis, lineam niveam transversitate, in campo rubeo, proportionaliter locatam
 * Reinforced with mercenaries from Silesia
 * Reinforced with mercenaries from Silesia
 * align="left" | Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-01.svg Flag of Przemyśl
 * Quartum decimum terrae Premisliensis, quod aquilam caeruleam, duo capita a se invicem proportionaliter aversa, in campo caelestino
 * align="left" | Coat of Arms of Dobrzyń
 * Quintum decimum terrae Dobrzinensis, faciem numanam senilem ad femur se portendentem, capite diademate coronato cornibus quoque exasperato, in campo caerulio
 * align="left" | Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-04.svg Coat of Arms of Chełm
 * Sextum decimum terrae Chelmensis, ursum album inter duas arbores consistentem in campo rubeo
 * align="left" | Flaga Podole.png Coat of Arms of Podolia
 * Decimum septinum, decumum octavum, & decimum nonum, terrae Podolia, ... faciem solarem, in rubeo campo
 * Split up due to large number of knights
 * Split up due to large number of knights
 * align="left" | Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-07.svg Coat of Arms of Halicz
 * Vigesimum terrae Haliciensis, monedulam nigram in capite coronata, in campo albo

Army of The Crown - Masovian Banners
! Two banners of Duke Siemowit IV of Masovia ! Duke Janusz I of Masovia ! colspan="15" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;" |
 * align="left" | Chorągiew księcia mazowieckiego Siemowita.svg Coat of Arms of Masovia
 * Masovia, mostly Płock area
 * Dukes of Masovia
 * Dukes of Masovia
 * align="left" | Banner Masovia.png own
 * Masovia, mostly Warsaw area
 * Dukes of Masovia
 * Dukes of Masovia

Army of The Crown - Personal Banners
! Archbishop of Gniezno Mikołaj Kurowski ! Bishop of Poznań Wojciech Jastrzębiec ! Castellan of Kraków Krystyn of Ostrów ! Voivod of Kraków Jan of Tarnów ! Voivod of Poznań Sędziwój of Ostroróg ! Voivod of Sandomierz Mikołaj of Michałowo ! Voivod of Sieradz Jakub of Koniecpol ! Castellan of Śrem Iwo of Obiechów ! Voivod of Łęczyca Jan Ligęza ! Castellan of Wojnice Andrzej of Tęczyn ! Marshal of The Crown Zbigniew of Brzezie ! Chamberlain of Kraków Piotr Szafraniec ! Castellan of Wiślica Klemens of Moskorzów ! Castellan of Śrem and mayor of Greater Poland Wincenty of Granów ! Dobko of Oleśnica ! Spytko of Tarnów ! Lord High Steward of Kalisz Marcin of Sławsko ! Dobrogost Świdwa of Szamotuły ! Krystyn of Koziegłowy ! Master King's Cup-Bearer Jan Mężyk ! Deputy Chancellor of the Crown Mikołaj Trąba ! Mikołaj Kmita of Wiśnicz ! Gryf Clan ! Zaklika of Korzkiew ! Clan of Koźlerogi ! Jan of Jičín Odrowaz ! Steward of the Crown and starost of Lwów Gniewosz of Dalewice ! Duke of Lithuania Sigismund Korybut
 * align="left" | Sreniawska vlajka.png Śreniawa
 * align="left" | Herb Jastrzebiec.jpg Jastrzębiec
 * under Jarand of Brudzewo
 * under Jarand of Brudzewo
 * under Jarand of Brudzewo
 * align="left" | Flaga Rawicz.png Rawicz
 * align="left" | POL COA Leliwa.svg Leliwa
 * align="left" | Naleczska vlajka.png Nałęcz
 * align="left" | Porajska vlajka.png Poraj
 * align="left" | Herb Pobog.jpg Pobóg
 * align="left" | Herb Wieniawa.jpg Wieniawa
 * align="left" | Polkozicska vlajka.png Półkozic
 * align="left" | Topórska vlajka.png Topór
 * align="left" | Herb Zadora.jpg Zadora
 * align="left" | Starykonska vlajka.png Starykoń
 * align="left" | Herb Pilawa.jpg Piława
 * align="left" | POL COA Leliwa.svg Leliwa
 * align="left" | Debenska vlajka.png Dębno
 * align="left" | POL COA Leliwa.svg Leliwa
 * align="left" | Herb Zaremba.jpg Zaremba
 * align="left" | Naleczska vlajka.png Nałęcz
 * align="left" | Lisovska vlajka.png Lis
 * align="left" | Wadwiczska vlajka.png Wadwicz
 * align="left" | Herb Traby.jpg Trąby
 * align="left" | Sreniawska vlajka.png Śreniawa
 * align="left" | Gryfska vlajka.png Gryf
 * Family of Gryf, under Zygmunt of Bobowa
 * Family of Gryf, under Zygmunt of Bobowa
 * Family of Gryf, under Zygmunt of Bobowa
 * align="left" | Syrokomlska vlajka.png Syrokomla
 * align="left" | Jelitska vlajka.png Koźlerogi
 * Family, under Castellan of Wiślica Florian of Korytnica
 * Family, under Castellan of Wiślica Florian of Korytnica
 * Family, under Castellan of Wiślica Florian of Korytnica
 * align="left" | Odrowazska vlajka.png Benešovici
 * Moravia
 * Volunteers from Moravia, commanded by Jan Helm, the hejtman in the duty of aristocratic family of Kravaře
 * Volunteers from Moravia, commanded by Jan Helm, the hejtman in the duty of aristocratic family of Kravaře
 * align="left" | Koscieszska vlajka.png Strzegomia
 * Czech lands
 * Only volunteers and mercenaries from Silesia, Bohemia and Moravia
 * Only volunteers and mercenaries from Silesia, Bohemia and Moravia
 * align="left" | Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-03.svg Coat of Arms of Lithuania
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

Lithuania
The sole source on the banners from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is Jan Długosz. He counted 40 banners on the right flank of the Polish–Lithuanian forces, 10 flying the Columns of Gediminas and 30 flying the Vytis. The flags varied in the colors of the background, horse and its harness. Długosz listed 18 lands that supplied the banners: Trakai, Vilnius, Hrodna, Kaunas, Lida, Medininkai (Varniai?), Smolensk, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Kiev, Pinsk, Navahrudak, Brest, Vawkavysk, Drohiczyn, Mielnik, Kremenets, Starodub. One land might have supplied more than one banner as evidenced by Smolensk which provided three banners. That is all information currently available from contemporary sources. However, it is unclear how complete or accurate Długosz's information is.

Historians pointed out several notable absences from the list, including the banners from Volhynia (Lutsk and Volodymyr) as well as Samogitia. It is unclear whether Medininkai mentioned by Długosz referred to Varniai in Samogitia or to Medininkai Castle near Vilnius. The absence of Samogitian forces could be explained by a diversionary maneuver: according to 27 June 1410 report from Königsberg, a Lithuanian force was attacking Skalva. Other historians argued that the Medininkai banner represented at least seven Samogitian banners based on the seven regions mentioned in the Treaty of Königsberg (1390). Długosz's list is also missing three banners from Moldavia and a Tatar contingent known from German sources. Historians stipulate that in addition to banners from territories there should have been banners presented by nobles, but Długosz mentioned only Sigismund Korybut whose banner he counted with Polish forces.

Some Belarusian historians attempted to divide the 40 banners by nationality to Lithuanian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Russian banners. However, such analysis is fundamentally flawed as it is impossible to determine how many banners each territory provided, how many men were in each banner, or what was the ethnic composition in each land. For example, Smolensk had rebelled against Vytautas in 1404 and 1408 and therefore it is unlikely that the three Smolensk banners included just local soldiers.

Historians express skepticism over the lack of heraldic diversity. Heraldic symbols of various lands, including of Trakai, Kyiv and Novogrudok, are known from contemporary sources, to have included the great seal of Vytautas. Historians suggest that perhaps the two heraldic flags represented gonfalons, e.g. the 10 banners of Columns of Gediminas represented forces from domains of Grand Duke Vytautas and the 30 banners of Vytis represented different territories.