List of echinoderms of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is a tropical island situated close to the southern tip of India. The invertebrate fauna is as large as it is common to other regions of the world. So it is complicated to summarize the exact number of species found within the country.

Echinoderms belong to the phylum Echinodermata. They are deuterostomes that are closely related to chordates. Echinoderms are characterized by having a water vascular system, tube feet, radial symmetry, and undergo complete regeneration from a single limb. It is the largest phylum that has no freshwater or terrestrial members. There are five classes of echinoderms: Asteroidea (starfish), Ophiuroidea (brittle star), Echinoidea (sea urchin), Crinoidea (sea lily) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumber).

The following list provides echinoderms currently identified in Sri Lankan waters.

Sea Urchins
The first detailed work on irregular echinoids was carried out by Agassiz in 1872 and then by Clark & Rowe in 1971 where they compiled records of 24 species of irregular sea urchins in the "Ceylon area". However, some of these localities now belong to the Indian Territory. In 2017, a recent species list has been made by Arachchige et al., where he described 27 irregular echinoids from Sri Lankan waters. The information on regular echinoids was listed by Agassiz & Desor in 1846 which continued to advance until the end of the 19th century. Then, there was a knowledge gap between the mid-20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries mainly due to a lack of systematic studies. However, in the latter part, two checklists have been published by the IUCN Red List in 2006 and 2012.

Currently, in Sri Lanka, there are 39 regular echinoids belong to 28 genera, nine families, and five orders are recorded. Meanwhile, there are 21 irregular echinoid species belong to four orders, nine families, and 15 genera in Sri Lanka.

Family: Echinoneidae

 * Echinoneus cyclostomus
 * Koehleraster abnormalis

Family: Echinolampadidae - Cassiduloids

 * Echinolampas alexandri
 * Echinolampas ovata

Family: Astriclypeidae

 * Echinodiscus bisperforatus
 * Echinodiscus truncatus
 * Sculpsitechinus auritus

Family: Clypeasteridae

 * Clypeaster humilis
 * Clypeaster reticulatus

Family: Fibulariidae

 * Echinocyamus megapetalus
 * Fibulariella angulipora
 * Fibularia

Family: Laganidae

 * Jacksonaster depressum
 * Peronella lesueuri
 * Peronella oblonga

Family: Brissidae

 * Brissus agassizii
 * Metalia sternalis

Family: Loveniidae

 * Lovenia elongate

Family: Maretiidae

 * Nacospatangus alta

Family: Cidaridae

 * Phyllacanthus imperialis

Family: Diadematidae

 * Astropyga radiata
 * Diadema savignyi
 * Diadema setosum
 * Echinothrix calamaris
 * Echinothrix diadema

Family: Stomopneustidae

 * Stomopneustes variolaris

Family: Echinometridae

 * Echinometra ex
 * Echinostrephus molaris
 * Heterocentrotus mamillatus

Family: Temnopleuridae

 * Microcyphus ceylanicus
 * Salmacis bicolor
 * Salmacis virgulata
 * Temnopleurus toreumaticus

Family: Toxopneustidae

 * Pseudoboletia maculata
 * Toxopneustes pileolus
 * Tripneustes gratilla

Starfish
The exact number of starfish in Sri Lankan waters is unknown. Many works came through the work done based on Indian echinoderms in and around Indian seas.

Family: Acanthasteridae

 * Acanthaster planci

Family: Asterinidae

 * Asterina coronata

Family: Ophidiasteridae

 * Gomophia egyptiaca
 * Heteronardoa carinata
 * Linckia multifora

Family: Oreasteridae

 * Anthenea pentagonula
 * Anthenea regalis
 * Goniodiscaster scaber
 * Siraster tuberculatus
 * Stellaster equestris
 * Stellaster incei

Family: Goniasteridae

 * Fromia indica

Family: Asteriidae

 * Astrostole scabra

Family: Astropectinidae

 * Astropecten vappa

Family: Luidiidae

 * Luidia sagamina
 * Luidia savignyi

Brittle stars
There is little works have done to identify the brittle star species around Sri Lanka. But, further detailed work is necessary to compile a checklist.

Family: Ophiactidae

 * Ophiactis savignyi

Family: Ophiocomidae

 * Ophiocoma anaglyptica

Family: Ophiodermatidae

 * Ophiarachnella gorgonia
 * Ophiodyscrita instrata

Family: Ophiolepididae

 * Ophiolepis cincta

Family: Ophiomyxidae

 * Ophiarachna incrassata

Family: Ophiotrichidae

 * Gymnolophus obscura

Sea cucumber
The diversity of sea cucumbers of Sri Lanka show extensive research work. Many species are edible and economically important, whereas some researches about sea cucumbers in the coastal waters of Sri Lanka have been documented. However, some species are extensively studied. The sea cucumber fishery was introduced to Sri Lanka by the Chinese particularly through the commodities taken to China for centuries. Since 1980, sea cucumber fishery rapidly grown throughout north, east and northwestern Sri Lankan coast. In 2010, D.C.T. Dissanayake and Gunnar Stefansson compiled a research on the abundance and distribution of commercial sea cucumber species in the coastal waters of Sri Lanka. They described twenty-five sea cucumber species belonging to seven genera from east and northwest coasts of Sri Lanka. Another research was carried out from May 2014 to June 2015 in Viyaparimuli and Munnai to identify the species composition and diversity of sea cucumber population in the Point Pedro coastal area of Jaffna peninsula. In 2008, Dissanayaka and Athukorala recorded 24 sea cucumber species from Northwestern and Eastern parts of Sri Lanka, and then in 2014, Kuganathan has reported sixteen species of sea cucumbers in the Jaffna estuary. In 2017, the status of holothurian fisheries in Mullaitivu coastal waters in the North-East region of Sri Lanka was documented. In 2020, a new sea cucumber record was identified from nearby waters. Apart from that, leading scientist D.C.T. Dissanayake has done extensive work on sea cucumbers.

Family: Synaptidae

 * Synaptula lamperti

Family: Holothuriidae

 * Actinopyga echinites
 * Actinopyga mauritiana
 * Actinopyga miliaris
 * Bohadschia argus
 * Bohadschia atra
 * Bohadschia maculisparsa
 * Bohadschia marmorata
 * Bohadschia vitiensis
 * Holothuria atra
 * Holothuria edulis
 * Holothuria fuscocinerea
 * Holothuria fuscogilva
 * Holothuria hilla
 * Holothuria isuga
 * Holothuria leucospilota
 * Holothuria nobilis
 * Holothuria scabra
 * Holoturia spinifera
 * Holothuria sp., type "pentard"
 * Pearsonothuria graeffei

Family: Caudinidae

 * Acaudina molpadioides

Family: Stichopodidae

 * Stichopus variegatus
 * Stichopus chloronotus
 * Stichopus herrmanni
 * Stichopus horrens
 * Thelenota ananas
 * Thelenota anax

Sea lilies
Researches on sea lily or feather star diversity of Sri Lankan waters have been very limited when compared with other echinoderm classes.

Family: Colobometridae

 * Cenometra bella
 * Colobometra arabica
 * Decametra informis

Family: Comatulidae

 * Comaster nobilis
 * Comaster schlegelii

Family: Himerometridae

 * Amphimetra molleri
 * Himerometra robustipinna

Family: Mariametridae

 * Lamprometra palmata
 * Oxymetra finschii
 * Stephanometra indica
 * Stephanometra tenuipinna

Family: Tropiometridae

 * Comatula pectinata
 * Tropiometra carinata

Family: Zygometridae

 * Zygometra andromeda