List of monarchs of Sardinia

The following is a list of rulers of Sardinia, in particular, of the monarchs of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica from 1323 and then of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1479 to 1861.

Early history
Owing to the absence of written sources, little is known of the history of the Nuraghic civilization which constructed impressive megalithic structures between the 18th and the 12th centuries BCE. The first accounts of Sardinia are from Greek sources, but relate more to myth than to historical reality; an African or Iberian hero, Norax, named the city of Nora; Sardo, a son of Hercules, gave the island its name; one of his nephews, Iolaus, founded the city of Olbia. Greek colonization of the city of Olbia has been confirmed by recent archaeological excavations. Towards the end of the 6th century BC, Sardinia was conquered by the Carthaginians and in 238 BC it was occupied by the Romans for c.1000 years, with a period under the dominion of the Vandals in the 5th and 6th centuries CE.

Early medieval rulers
According to Procopius, Godas was a Vandal governor of Sardinia who rebelled against his king, Gelimer, who ruled northern Africa and Sardinia. Procopius wrote that Godas behaved like a king, but it was a short-lived kingdom. Godas was defeated and killed after two years by an expedition from Carthage led by King Gelimer's brother, Tzazo. Shortly afterwards, Roman troops sent by Emperor Justinianus and led by General Belisarius, totally annihilated the Vandal kingdom and Sardinia returned to Roman administration.
 * Godas 533–535

Judges
Before the Kingdom of Sardinia was founded, the rulers of the island were known as archons (ἄρχοντες in Greek) or "judges" (iudices in Latin, judices in Sardinian, giudici in Italian). The island was organized into one "judicatus" from the 9th century. After the Muslim conquest of Sicily in the 9th century, the Byzantines (who ruled Sardinia) could no longer defend their isolated far western province. In all likelihood a local noble family came to power, still identifying themselves as vassals of the Byzantines but in reality independent since communication with Constantinople was very difficult.

Of those rulers, only two names are known: Salusios (Σαλούσιος) and the protospatharios Turcoturios (Tουρκοτούριος),  who probably reigned some time in the 10th and 11th centuries. They were still closely linked to the Byzantines, both by a pact of ancient vassalage and culturally, with the use of the Greek language (in a country of the Romance language) and Byzantine art.

In the early 11th century, Muslims based in Spain attempted to conquer the island. The only records of that war are from Pisan and Genoese chronicles. The Christians won but afterwards the previous Sardinian kingdom had been undermined and was divided into four small judicati: Cagliari (Calari), Arborea (Arbaree), Gallura, Torres or Logudoro.


 * List of judges of Arborea, c. 1070–1410
 * List of judges of Cagliari, c. 1060–1258
 * List of judges of Gallura, c. 1070–1288
 * List of judges of Logudoro, c. 1060–1259

Occasionally, these rulers took the style of king (rex):
 * 1113–1128 Constantine I, Judge of Torres
 * 1128–1150 Gonario II, Judge of Torres

Nominal kings
Some rulers obtained the title King of Sardinia (Rex Sardiniae) by grant of the Holy Roman Emperor, despite the emperor itself not having any sovereignty over the island, which made this a mere title with no effective authority over Sardinia:


 * Barisone II of Arborea, 1164–1165 (by Emperor Frederick I, who officially renounced his title in a peace treaty with the other judices in 1165);
 * Enzo of Logudoro Hohenstaufen, 1238–1245, was the illegitimate son of Emperor Frederick II and was appointed by his father. In 1249, he was captured by his enemies and imprisoned in Bologna, where he died 23 years later.

Kings of Sardinia and Corsica
James II of Aragon received royal investiture from Pope Boniface VIII in 1297 as Rex Sardiniae et Corsicae. The Aragonese did not take possession of the island until 1323, after a victorious military campaign against the Pisans. However, the Sardinian royal title did not have a specific line of succession and all kings used their own primary title.

House of Barcelona (Aragon), 1323–1410
1323–1327||||10 August 1267 Valencia son of Peter I and Constance of Sicily||Isabella of Castile 1 December 1291 No children
 * James II of Aragon
 * James II of Aragon

Blanche of Anjou 29 October 1295 10 children

Marie de Lusignan 15 June 1315 No children

Elisenda de Montcada 25 December 1322 No children||5 November 1327 Barcelona aged 60 1327–1336|| ||1299 Naples son of James II of Aragon and Blanche of Anjou|| Teresa d'Entença 1314 7 children
 * Alfonso IV of Aragon
 * Alfonso IV of Aragon

Eleanor of Castile 2 children || 27 January 1336 Barcelona aged 37 1336–1387 || ||5 October 1319 Balaguer son of Alfonso IV and Teresa d'Entença||Maria of Navarre 1338 2 children
 * Peter IV of Aragon
 * Peter IV of Aragon

Leonor of Portugal 1347 No children

Eleanor of Sicily 27 August 1349 4 children || 5 January 1387 Barcelona aged 68 1387–1396|| ||27 December 1350 Perpignan son of Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily||Martha of Armagnac 27 March 1373 1 child
 * John I of Aragon
 * John I of Aragon

Yolande of Bar 1380 3 children || 19 May 1396 Foixà aged 46 1396–1410 || || 1356 Girona son of Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily||Maria de Luna 13 June 1372 4 children
 * Martin of Aragon
 * Martin of Aragon

Margarita of Aragon-Prades 17 September 1409 No children||31 May 1410 Barcelona aged 54
 * }

House of Trastámara, 1412–1516
1412–1416 || || 27 November 1380 Medina del Campo son of John I of Castile and Eleanor of Aragon||Eleanor of Alburquerque 1394 8 children|| 2 April 1416 Igualada aged 36 1416–1458|| || 1396 Medina del Campo son of Ferdinand I and Eleanor of Alburquerque||Maria of Castile 1415 No children|| 27 June 1458 Naples aged 52
 * Ferdinand I of Aragon
 * Ferdinand I of Aragon
 * Alfonso V of Aragon
 * Alfonso V of Aragon
 * }

House of Trastámara, 1412–1516
1458–1479|| || 29 June 1398 Medina del Campo son of Ferdinand I and Eleanor of Alburquerque|| Blanche I of Navarre 6 November 1419 4 children
 * John II of Aragon
 * John II of Aragon

Juana Enríquez April 1444 2 children ||20 January 1479 Barcelona aged 80 1479–1516|| || 10 March 1452 son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez|| Isabella I of Castile 19 October 1469 5 children
 * Ferdinand II of Aragon
 * Ferdinand II of Aragon

Germaine of Foix 1505 No children ||23 January 1516 Madrigalejo aged 63 1516–1555|| || 6 November 1479 daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile|| Philip IV of Burgundy, 1496 6 children|| 12 April 1555 Madrigalejo aged 75
 * Joanna of Castile
 * Joanna of Castile
 * }

Nominally co-monarch of her son Charles, Joanna was kept imprisoned almost during her whole reign.

House of Habsburg (Spanish branch), 1516–1700
co-king with his mother Joanna 1516–1556 || || 24 February 1500 Ghent son of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile||Isabella of Portugal 10 March 1526 3 children ||21 September 1558 Yuste aged 58 1556–1598 || || 21 May 1527 Valladolid son of Charles IV and Isabella of Portugal||Maria of Portugal 1543 1 child
 * Charles I of Spain
 * Charles I of Spain
 * Philip II of Spain
 * Philip II of Spain

Mary I of England 1554 No children

Elisabeth of Valois 1559 2 children

Anna of Austria 4 May 1570 5 children||13 September 1598 Madrid aged 71 1598–1621|| || 14 April 1578 Madrid son of Philip I and Anna of Austria||Margaret of Austria 18 April 1599 5 children||31 March 1621 Madrid aged 42 1621–1665|| || 8 April 1605 Valladolid son of Philip II and Margaret of Austria||Elisabeth of Bourbon 1615 7 children
 * Philip III of Spain
 * Philip III of Spain
 * Philip IV of Spain
 * Philip IV of Spain

Mariana of Austria 1649 5 children

Madrid aged 60 1665–1700|| || 6 November 1661 Madrid son of Philip III and Mariana of Austria||Maria Luisa of Orléans 19 November 1679 No children
 * 17 September 1665
 * Charles II of Spain
 * Charles II of Spain

Maria Anna of Neuburg 14 May 1690 No children

Madrid aged 38
 * 1 November 1700
 * }

House of Bourbon (Spanish branch) 1700–1708
1700–1708|| || 19 December 1683 Versailles son of Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Anna of Bavaria||Maria Luisa of Savoy 2 November 1701 4 children
 * Philip V of Spain
 * Philip V of Spain

Elisabeth of Parma 24 December 1714 7 children

Madrid aged 62 Sardinia was taken over by Habsburg troops in 1708 during the War of the Spanish Succession in the name of the Habsburg claimant to the Spanish throne, "Charles III". At the end of the war, Sardinia remained in Charles' possession and, by the Treaty of Rastatt, was ceded to him.
 * 9 July 1746
 * }

House of Habsburg (Austrian branch), 1708–1720
1708–1720 || || 1 October 1685 Vienna son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg||Elisabeth Christine 1 August 1708 4 children|| 20 October 1740 Vienna aged 55 Spanish forces invaded the kingdom in 1717 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. The island was under Spanish military occupation until 1720, when it was given back to Emperor Charles VI who in turn ceded it to the Duke of Savoy by the Treaty of The Hague.
 * Emperor Charles VI
 * }

House of Savoy, 1720–1861
The monarchs of the House of Savoy ruled from their mainland capital of Turin, but styled themselves primarily with the royal title of Sardinia as superior to their original lesser dignity as Dukes of Savoy. However, their numeral order continued the Savoyard list.

17 February 1720 – 3 September 1730|| || 14 May 1666 Turin son of Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy and Marie Jeanne of Savoy||Anne Marie d'Orléans, Princess of France 10 April 1684 6 children||31 October 1732 Moncalieri aged 66 3 September 1730 – 20 February 1773|| || 27 April 1701 Turin son of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia and Anne Marie d'Orléans, Princess of France||Anne Christine of Sulzbach 15 March 1722 1 child
 * Victor Amadeus II of Savoy
 * Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy
 * Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy

Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg 20 August 1724 6 children

Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine 5 March 1737 3 children||20 February 1773 Turin aged 72 20 February 1773 – 16 October 1796|| ||26 June 1726 Turin son of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia and Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg||Maria Antonietta of Spain 31 May 1750 12 children||16 October 1796 Moncalieri aged 70 16 October 1796 – 4 June 1802|| ||24 May 1751 Turin son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain||Marie Clotilde of France 27 August 1775 No children||6 October 1819 Rome aged 68 4 June 1802 – 12 March 1821|| ||24 July 1759 Turin son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain||Maria Teresa of Austria-Este 21 April 1789 7 children||10 January 1824 Moncalieri aged 64 12 March 1821 – 27 April 1831|| ||6 April 1765 Turin son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain||Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily 7 March 1807 No children||27 April 1831 Turin aged 66 27 April 1831 – 23 March 1849|| ||2 October 1798 Turin son of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignan and Maria Cristina of Saxony||Maria Theresa of Austria 30 September 1817 3 children||28 July 1849 Porto aged 50 23 March 1849 – 17 March 1861 || ||14 March 1820 Turin son of Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria||Adelaide of Austria 12 April 1842 8 children
 * Victor Amadeus III of Savoy
 * Victor Amadeus III of Savoy
 * Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy
 * Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy
 * Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy
 * Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy
 * Charles Felix of Savoy
 * Charles Felix of Savoy
 * Charles Albert of Savoy
 * Charles Albert of Savoy
 * Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy
 * Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy

Rosa Vercellana 18 October 1869 2 children||9 January 1878 Rome aged 57
 * }

In 1861, after the annexation of other states in the Italian peninsula, the parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia passed a law (Legge n. 4671, 17 marzo 1861) adding to the style of the sovereign the title of King of Italy. The monarchs retained the designation of King of Sardinia.

House of Savoy, 1861–1946
17 March 1861 – 9 January 1878 || ||14 March 1820 Turin son of Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria||Adelaide of Austria 12 April 1842 8 children
 * Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy

Rosa Vercellana 18 October 1869 2 children||9 January 1878 Rome aged 57 9 January 1878 – 29 July 1900 || || 14 March 1844 Turin son of Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy and Adelaide of Austria||Margherita of Savoy 21 April 1868 1 child||29 July 1900 Monza aged 56 29 July 1900 – 9 May 1946 || || 11 November 1869 Naples son of Umberto I of Italy and Margherita of Savoy||Elena of Montenegro 24 October 1896 5 children|| 28 December 1947 Alexandria aged 78 9 May 1946 – 12 June 1946 || || 15 September 1904 Racconigi son of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Elena of Montenegro || Marie José of Belgium 8 January 1930 4 children|| 18 March 1983 Geneva aged 78
 * Umberto I of Italy
 * Umberto I of Italy
 * Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
 * Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
 * Umberto II of Italy
 * Umberto II of Italy
 * }

The Kingdom of Italy was disestablished by an institutional referendum on 2 June 1946 and the Italian Republic was proclaimed.