List of philosophers (R–Z)

Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:


 * Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.

R

 * François Rabelais (1493–1553)
 * Eduardo Rabossi (1930–2005)
 * Gustav Radbruch (1878–1949)
 * Janet Radcliffe Richards (born 1944)
 * Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975)
 * Assi Rahbani (1923–1986)
 * Ramakrishna Paramhansa (1836–1886)
 * Karl Rahner (1904–1984)
 * Ramanuja (1017–1137)
 * Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930)
 * Ian Thomas Ramsey (1915–1972)
 * Paul Ramsey (1913–1988)
 * Petrus Ramus (1515–1572)
 * Jacques Rancière (born 1940)
 * Ram Gopal Varma (born 1989)
 * Ayn Rand (1905–1982)
 * Hastings Rashdall (1858–1924)
 * Felix Ravaisson-Mollien (1813–1900)
 * John Rawls (1921–2002)
 * John Ray (1627–1705)
 * Daniel Raymond (1786–1849)
 * Joseph Raz (1939–2022)
 * Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (or Rhazes), (865–925)
 * Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209)
 * Paul Ree (1849–1901)
 * Pierre-Sylvain Regis (1632–1707)
 * August Wilhelm Rehberg (1757–1836)
 * Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957)
 * Helmut Reichelt (born 1939)
 * Hans Reichenbach (1891–1953)
 * Thomas Reid (1710–1796)
 * Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694–1768)
 * Adolf Reinach (1883–1917)
 * Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757–1823)
 * Karl Renner (1870–1950)
 * Charles Bernard Renouvier (1815–1903)
 * Nicholas Rescher (born 1928)
 * Jean Reynaud (1806–1863)
 * Rgyal tshab dar ma rin chen (or Gyeltsap darma rinchen) (1364–1432)
 * Urbanus Rhegius (1489–1541)
 * David Ricardo (1772–1823)
 * Richard of Middleton (c. 1249–1306)
 * Richard of St. Victor (died 1173)
 * Richard Rufus of Cornwall (or Richardus Sophista) (1231–1259)
 * David Riazanov (1870–1938)
 * I. A. Richards (1893–1979)
 * Radovan Richta (1924–1983)
 * Heinrich Rickert (1863–1936)
 * Paul Ricœur (1913–2005)
 * Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866)
 * Cedric Robinson (1940–2016)
 * R.R. Rockingham Gill (born 1944)
 * Jacques Rohault (1617–1672)
 * Erwin Rohde (1845–1898)
 * Francisco Romero (1891–1962)
 * Avital Ronell (born 1952)
 * Richard Rorty (1931–2007)
 * Vasily Rozanov (1856–1919)
 * Roscelin of Compiègne (c. 1050–c. 1120)
 * Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz (1805–1879)
 * Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (1888–1973)
 * Franz Rosenzweig (1886–1929)
 * Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797–1855)
 * Alf Niels Christian Ross (1899–1979)
 * William David Ross (1877–1971)
 * Carlo Rosselli (1899–1937)
 * Gian-Carlo Rota (1932–1999)
 * Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
 * Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825)
 * Joseph Rovan (1918–2004)
 * M.N.Roy (1887–1954)
 * Josiah Royce (1865–1916)
 * Pierre Paul Royer-Collard (1763–1845)
 * Vasily Rozanov (1856–1919)
 * Ruan Ji (210–263)
 * Arnold Ruge (1802–1880)
 * Otto Rühle (1874–1943)
 * Michael Ruse (born 1940)
 * Bertrand Russell (1872–1970)
 * Jan van Ruysbroek (1293–1381)
 * Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976)

S

 * Saadia Gaon (892–942)
 * Mulla Hadi Sabzevari (1797–1873)
 * William S. Sahakian (1922–1986)
 * Mark Sainsbury (born 1943)
 * Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825)
 * Kohei Saito (born 1987)
 * Sakya Pandita (1182–1251)
 * Syed Zafarul Hasan (1885–1949)
 * Nathan Salmon (born 1951)
 * Wesley Salmon (1925–2001)
 * Francisco Sanches (1551–1623)
 * Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez (1915–2011)
 * Michael Sandel (born 1953)
 * Śāntarakṣita (725–788)
 * George Santayana (1863–1952)
 * Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar (1921–1990)
 * Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)
 * Crispin Sartwell (born 1958)
 * John Ralston Saul (born 1947)
 * Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913)
 * Fernando Savater (born 1947)
 * Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1779–1861)
 * Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz (1898–1959)
 * Antonin Scalia (1936–2016)
 * Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558)
 * Thomas Scanlon (born 1940)
 * Richard Schacht (born 1941)
 * Max Scheler (1874–1928)
 * Friedrich Schelling (1775–1852)
 * F. C. S. Schiller (1864–1937)
 * Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805)
 * August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845)
 * Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829)
 * Hubert Schleichert (1935–2020)
 * Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834)
 * Moritz Schlick (1882–1936)
 * Carl Schmitt (1888–1985)
 * J.B. Schneewind (born 1930)
 * Gershom Scholem (1897–1982)
 * Heinrich Scholz (1884–1956)
 * Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860)
 * Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961)
 * Gottlob Ernst Schulze (1761–1833)
 * Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950)
 * Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–1678)
 * Alfred Schütz (1899–1959)
 * Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965)
 * Roger Scruton (1944–2020)
 * Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701)
 * John Searle (born 1932)
 * Juan José Sebreli (born 1930)
 * Charles Secrétan (1815–1895)
 * Michal Sedziwój (1566–1636)
 * John Selden (1584–1654)
 * Roy Wood Sellars (1880–1973)
 * Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989)
 * Amartya Sen (born 1933)
 * Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC–AD 65)
 * Sengzhao (384–414)
 * Victor Serge (1890–1947)
 * John Sergeant (1623–1704)
 * Michel Serres (1930–2019)
 * Sextus Empiricus (2nd/3rd century)
 * Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)
 * Shah Wali Allah (or Qutb al-Din Ahmad al-Rahim or Waliullah) (1703–1762)
 * Shang Yang (or Gongsun Yang) (died 338 BC)
 * Adi Shankara (788–820)
 * Shantideva (8th century)
 * Shao Yung (1011–1077)
 * Johannes Sharpe (c. 1360 – after 1415)
 * Dariush Shayegan (1935–2018)
 * Georgy Shchedrovitsky (1929–1994)
 * Shen Buhai (died 337 BC)
 * Shen Dao (or Shen Tzu) (c. 350 – 275 BC)
 * Lady Mary Shepherd (1777–1847)
 * Lev Shestov (1866–1938)
 * Shinran (1173–1261)
 * Sydney Shoemaker (born 1931)
 * Gustav Gustavovich Shpet (1879–1937)
 * Shriharsha (12th c.)
 * Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900)
 * Eli Siegel (1902–1978)
 * Sigerus of Brabant (1240–1284)
 * Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart (1789–1844)
 * Abu Sulayman Muhammad al-Sijistani (c. 932 – c. 1000)
 * Ludovico Silva (1937–1988)
 * Francesco Silvestri (or Francis Sylvester of Ferrara) (1474–1528)
 * Georg Simmel (1858–1918)
 * Simon of Faversham (c. 1260–1306)
 * Simplicius of Cilicia (early 6th century)
 * Kurt Singer (1886–1962)
 * Peter Singer (born 1946)
 * B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
 * Thoralf Skolem (1887–1963)
 * Hryhori Skovoroda (1722–1794)
 * Peter Sloterdijk (born 1947)
 * J. J. C. Smart (1920–2012)
 * Adam Smith (1723–1790)
 * Barry Smith (born 1952)
 * Huston Smith (1919–2016)
 * Michael Smith (born 1954)
 * Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017)
 * Joseph D. Sneed (1938–2020)
 * Jan Sniadecki (1756–1830)
 * Scott Soames (born 1946)
 * Elliott Sober (born 1948)
 * Socrates (470–399 BC)
 * Alfred Sohn-Rethel (1899–1990)
 * Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger (1780–1890)
 * Joseph Soloveitchik (1903–1993)
 * Vladimir Solovyov (1853–1900)
 * Sophie de Condorcet (1764–1822)
 * Georges Sorel (1847–1922)
 * William Ritchie Sorley (1855–1935)
 * Abdolkarim Soroush (born 1945)
 * Ernest Sosa (born 1940)
 * Domingo de Soto (1494–1560)
 * Othmar Spann (1878–1950)
 * Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)
 * Thomas Spencer Baynes (1823–1887)
 * Oswald Spengler (1880–1936)
 * Speusippus (410–339 BC)
 * Herbert Spiegelberg (1904–1990)
 * Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
 * Afrikan Spir (1837–1890)
 * Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born 1942)
 * Lysander Spooner (1808–1887)
 * Timothy L.S. Sprigge (1932–2007)
 * Walter Terence Stace (1886–1967)
 * Edward Stachura (1937–1979)
 * Anne Louise Germaine de Staël (1766–1817)
 * James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair (1619–1695)
 * Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (1878–1953)
 * Robert Stalnaker (born 1940)
 * Henry Stanton (1805–1887)
 * Olaf Stapledon (1886–1950)
 * Stanisław Staszic (1755–1826)
 * L. Susan Stebbing (1885–1943)
 * Edith Stein (1891–1942)
 * George Steiner (1929–2020)
 * Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925)
 * Leslie Stephen (1832–1904)
 * Charles Leslie Stevenson (1908–1979)
 * Dugald Stewart (1753–1828)
 * Stephen Stich (born 1944)
 * Stilpo (c. 360 – c. 280 BC)
 * James Hutchison Stirling (1820–1909)
 * Max Stirner (1806–1856)
 * George Frederick Stout (1860–1944)
 * David Stove (1927–1994)
 * Strato of Lampsacus (c. 340 – c. 268 BC)
 * David Friedrich Strauss (1808–1874)
 * Leo Strauss (1899–1973)
 * Galen Strawson (born 1952)
 * P. F. Strawson (1919–2006)
 * Barry Stroud (1935–2019)
 * Carl Stumpf (1848–1936)
 * Johann Sturm (1635–1703)
 * Francisco Suárez (1548–1617)
 * Gabrielle Suchon (1631–1703)
 * Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi (1154–1191)
 * Sun Tzu (c. 5th century BC)
 * Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925)
 * Kim Il Sung (1912–1994)
 * Rudi Supek (1913–1993)
 * Henry Suso (1300–1366)
 * Ivan Sviták (1925–1994)
 * Karen Swassjan (born 1948)
 * Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772)
 * Richard Swinburne (born 1934)
 * Richard Sylvan (1935–1996)
 * Syrianus (5th century)
 * David Sztybel (born 1967)

T

 * Allama Tabatabai (1903–1981)
 * Javad Tabatabai (born 1945)
 * Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905)
 * Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941)
 * Tai Chen (or Dai Zhen or Tai Tung-Yuan) (1724–1777)
 * Hippolyte Taine (1828–1893)
 * Gáspár Miklós Tamás (1948–2023)
 * T'an Ssu-t'ung (1864–1898)
 * Tanabe Hajime (1885–1962)
 * T'ang Chun-i (1909–1978)
 * Alfred Tarski (1901–1983)
 * Władysław Tatarkiewicz (1886–1980)
 * Johannes Tauler (c. 1300 – 1361)
 * Nicolaus Taurellus (1547–1606)
 * Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi (c. 930 – 1023)
 * Charles Taylor (born 1931)
 * Harriet Taylor Mill (1807–1858)
 * Kenneth Allen Taylor (1954–2019)
 * Richard Taylor (1919–2003)
 * Gustav Teichmuller (1837–1888)
 * Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955)
 * Bernardino Telesio (1509–1588)
 * Placide Tempels (1906–1977)
 * William Temple (1881–1944)
 * Frederick Robert Tennant (1866–1957)
 * Teresa of Avila (1515–1582)
 * Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220)
 * Johannes Nikolaus Tetens (1736–1807)
 * Thales (c. 635 – 543 BC)
 * Themistius (317–387)
 * Theodoric of Freiberg ( c.1250 – c.1311)
 * Theodorus of Cyrene (c. 465 – 398 BC)
 * Theophrastus (372–287 BC)
 * Helmut Thielicke (1908–1986)
 * Peter Thielst (born 1951)
 * Thierry of Chartres (fl. c. 1130–1150)
 * Thomas à Kempis (1380–1471)
 * Thomas of Erfurt (14th century)
 * Thomas of York (13th century)
 * Christian Thomasius (1655–1728)
 * William Thompson (1775–1833)
 * Judith Jarvis Thomson (1929–2020)
 * Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)
 * Thrasymachus (5th century BC)
 * Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC)
 * Paul Tillich (1886–1965)
 * Timaeus of Locri (5th century BC)
 * Timon of Phlius (c. 300 BC)
 * Matthew Tindal (1657–1733)
 * Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)
 * Tzvetan Todorov (1939–2017)
 * John Toland (1670–1722)
 * Francisco de Toledo (1515–1584)
 * Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910)
 * Tominaga Nakamoto (1715–1746)
 * Alberto Toscano (born 1977)
 * Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (1802–1872)
 * Ernst Troeltsch (1865–1923)
 * Mario Tronti, (1931–2023)
 * Leon Trotsky (1879–1940)
 * Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (1651–1708)
 * Je Tsongkhapa (or Dzongkaba or Rinpoche) (1357–1419)
 * Alyaksandr Tsvikievich (1888–1937)
 * Abraham Tucker (1705–1774)
 * Benjamin Tucker (1854–1939)
 * Peter Tudvad (born 1966)
 * Ernst Tugendhat (1930–2023)
 * Raimo Tuomela (1940–2020)
 * Alan Turing (1912–1954)
 * George Turnball (1698–1748)
 * Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274)
 * Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938)
 * Michael Tye (born 1950)

U

 * Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972)
 * Udayana (11th century)
 * Uddyotakara (6th century)
 * Uisang (625–702)
 * Ulrich of Strasbourg (1220–1277)
 * Hermann Ulrici (1806–1884)
 * Umar Khayyam (1048–1131)
 * Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936)
 * Peter Unger (born 1942)
 * Dimitri Uznadze (1886–1950)

V

 * Hans Vaihinger (1852–1933)
 * György Mihály Vajda (born 1935)
 * J. J. Valberg (born 1936)
 * Valentinius (or Valentinus) (c. 100 – c. 153)
 * Paul Valéry (1871–1945)
 * Lorenzo Valla (1406–1457)
 * Vallabhacharya (1479–1531)
 * Bas C. van Fraassen (born 1941)
 * Peter van Inwagen (born 1942)
 * Giulio Cesare Vanini (1585–1619)
 * Francisco Varela (1946–2001)
 * Vasubandhu (4th century)
 * Vatsyayana (5th century)
 * Emerich de Vattel (1714–1767)
 * Gianni Vattimo (born 1936)
 * Vauvenargues (1715–1747)
 * Gabriel Vazquez (1549–1604)
 * John Venn (1834–1923)
 * Henry Babcock Veatch (1911–1997)
 * Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945)
 * Nicoletto Vernia (1442–1499)
 * Giambattista Vico (1668–1744)
 * Milan Vidmar (1885–1962)
 * Álvaro Vieira Pinto (1909–1987)
 * Michel Villey (1914–1988)
 * Vital Du Four (1260–1327)
 * Francisco de Vitoria (1492–1546)
 * Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902)
 * Juan Luís Vives (1492–1540)
 * Gregory Vlastos (1907–1991)
 * Eric Voegelin (1901–1985)
 * Carl Vogt (1817–1895)
 * V. Volodarsky (1891–1918)
 * Valentin Voloshinov (1895–1936)
 * Voltaire (1694–1778)
 * Georg Henrik von Wright (1916–2003)
 * Aleksandr Voronsky (1884–1937)
 * Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934)
 * Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev (1877–1954)

W

 * Jean Wahl (1888–1974)
 * Friedrich Waismann (1896–1959)
 * Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913)
 * Michael Walzer (born 1935)
 * Ernest Wamba dia Wamba (1942–2020)
 * Wang Bi (226–249)
 * Wang Ch'ung (27–97)
 * Wang Fuzhi (or Wang Fu-Chih or Wang Chuanshan), (1619–1692)
 * Hao Wang (1921–1995)
 * Wang Yangming (1472–1529)
 * James Ward (1843–1925)
 * Geoffrey J. Warnock (1923–1996)
 * Mary Warnock (1924–2019)
 * John B. Watson (1878–1958)
 * Watsuji Tetsuro (1889–1960)
 * Alan Watts (1915–1973)
 * Max Weber (1864–1920)
 * Éric Weil (1904–1977)
 * Simone Weil (1909–1943)
 * Ota Weinberger (1919–2009)
 * Otto Weininger (1880–1903)
 * Adam weishaupt (1748–1830)
 * Christian Hermann Weisse (1801–1866)
 * Victoria, Lady Welby (1837–1912)
 * Felix Weltsch (1884–1964)
 * Cornel West (born 1953)
 * Edvard Westermarck (1862–1939)
 * Hermann Weyl (1885–1955)
 * Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr) (1879–1951)
 * William Whewell (1794–1866)
 * Benjamin Whichcote (1609–1683)
 * Alan R. White (1922–1992)
 * Thomas White (1593–1676)
 * Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947)
 * David Wiggins (born 1933)
 * William of Alnwick (1270–1333)
 * William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (1180–1249)
 * William of Auxerre (died 1231)
 * William of Champeaux (c. 1070 – 1121)
 * William of Conches (c. 1080 – 1154)
 * William of Moerbeke (c. 1215 – 1286)
 * William of Ockham ( c. 1285 – 1347)
 * William of Shyreswood (or William of Sherwood) (1190–1249)
 * Bernard Williams (1929–2003)
 * Donald Cary Williams (1899–1983)
 * Raymond Williams (1921–1988)
 * Timothy Williamson (born 1955)
 * Colin Wilson (1931–2013)
 * John Cook Wilson (1849–1915)
 * Peter Winch (1926–1997)
 * Wilhelm Windelband (1848–1915)
 * Kwasi Wiredu (1931–2022)
 * John Wisdom (1904–1993)
 * John Witherspoon (1723–1794)
 * Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (1885–1939)
 * Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951)
 * Adam de Wodeham (1298–1358)
 * Christian Wolff (1679–1754)
 * William Wollaston (1659–1724)
 * Richard Wollheim (1923–2003)
 * Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797)
 * Nicholas Wolterstorff (born 1932)
 * Wonchuk (613–696)
 * Wonhyo Daisa (617–686)
 * Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui) (1865–1953)
 * Chauncey Wright (1830–1875)
 * Crispin Wright (born 1942)
 * Dorothy Maud Wrinch (1894–1976)
 * Jerzy Wróblewski (1926–1990)
 * Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
 * John Wyclif (c. 1330 – 1384)

X

 * Xenocrates (396–314 BC)
 * Xenophanes of Colophon, (570–480 BC)
 * Xenophon (427–355 BC)
 * Xun Zi (or Hsun Tzu), (c. 310–237 BC)

Y

 * Yajnavalkya (c. 1800 BC)
 * Yang Chu (370–319 BC)
 * Yang Xiong (or Yang Hsiung) (53 BC–AD 18)
 * Sofya Yanovskaya (1896–1966)
 * Yen Yuan (1635–1704)
 * Yi Hwang (or Toegye) (1501–1570)
 * Yi I (or Yi Yulgok or Yi Yi) (1536–1584)
 * Yi Kan (1677–1727)
 * Paul Yorck von Wartenburg (1835–1897)
 * Arthur M. Young (1905–1995)
 * Iris Marion Young (1949–2006)
 * Pavel Yudin (1899–1968)

Z

 * Jacopo Zabarella (1533–1589)
 * Edward N. Zalta (born 1952)
 * Peter Wessel Zapffe (1899–1990)
 * Zeami Motokiyo (c. 1363 – c. 1443)
 * Eduard Zeller (1814–1908)
 * Zeno of Citium (333–264 BC)
 * Zeno of Elea (c. 495 – c. 430 BC)
 * Zeno of Sidon (1st century BC)
 * Zeno of Tarsus (fl. 200 BC)
 * Dewi Zephaniah Phillips (1934–2006)
 * Ernst Zermelo (1871–1953)
 * Zhiyi (538–597)
 * Zhou Guoping (born 1945)
 * Zhu Xi (or Chu Hsi) (1130–1200)
 * Zhuang Zi (or Chuang Tzu or Chuang Chou) (c. 300 BC)
 * Alexander Zinoviev (1922–2006)
 * Howard Zinn (1922–2010)
 * Slavoj Žižek (born 1949)
 * Florian Znaniecki (1882–1958)
 * Zongmi (780–841)
 * Zou Yan (3rd century BC)
 * Xavier Zubiri (1889–1983)


 * List of philosophers
 * (A–C)
 * (D–H)
 * (I–Q)
 * (R–Z)