List of philosophers born in the 19th century

Philosophers born in the 19th century (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:


 * Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.

A

 * Muhammad Abduh, (1849–1905)
 * Robert Adamson, (1852–1902)
 * Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, (1839–1897)
 * Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, (1890–1963)
 * Konstantin Sergeyevich Aksakov, (1817–1860)
 * Samuel Alexander, (1859–1938)
 * B. R. Ambedkar, (1891–1956)
 * Henri-Frédéric Amiel, (1821–1881)
 * John Anderson, (1893–1962)
 * Roberto Ardigò, (1828–1920)
 * Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus, (1894–1975)
 * Sri Aurobindo, (1872–1950)
 * Richard Avenarius, (1843–1896)

B

 * Gaston Bachelard, (1884–1962)
 * Alfred Baeumler, (1887–1968)
 * Alexander Bain, (1818–1903)
 * Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975)
 * Mikhail Bakunin, (1814–1876)
 * James Mark Baldwin, (1861–1934)
 * Karl Barth, (1886–1968)
 * Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, (1805–1895)
 * Georges Bataille, (1897–1962)
 * Bruno Bauer, (1809–1882)
 * David Baumgardt, (1890–1963)
 * Oskar Becker, (1889–1964)
 * Vissarion Belinsky, (1811–1848)
 * Gustave Belot, (1859–1929)
 * Julien Benda, (1867–1956)
 * Walter Benjamin, (1892–1940)
 * Nikolai Berdyaev, (1874–1948)
 * Henri Bergson, (1859–1941)
 * Eduard Bernstein, (1850–1932)
 * Nathan Birnbaum, (1864–1937)
 * Brand Blanshard, (1892–1987)
 * Ernst Bloch, (1885–1977)
 * Maurice Blondel, (1861–1949)
 * Benjamin Paul Blood, (1832–1919)
 * Hermann Blumenau, (1819–1899)
 * George Boas, (1891–1980)
 * Alexander Bogdanov, (1873–1928)
 * Niels Bohr, (1885–1962)
 * Ludwig Boltzmann, (1844–1906)
 * John Elof Boodin, (1869–1950)
 * George Boole, (1815–1864)*
 * Bernard Bosanquet, (1848–1923)
 * Emile Boutroux, (1845–1921)
 * Oets Kolk Bouwsma, (1898–1978)
 * Borden Parker Bowne, (1847–1910)
 * F. H. Bradley, (1846–1924)
 * Franz Brentano, (1838–1917)
 * Percy Williams Bridgman, (1882–1961)
 * Edgar S. Brightman, (1884–1953)
 * C. D. Broad, (1887–1971)
 * Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881–1966)
 * Orestes Brownson, (1803–1876)
 * Constantin Brunner, (1862–1937)
 * Emil Brunner, (1889–1966)
 * Leon Brunschvicg, (1869–1944)
 * James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, (1838–1922)
 * Martin Buber, (1878–1965)
 * Ludwig Büchner, (1824–1899)
 * Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov, (1871–1944)
 * Rudolf Bultmann, (1884–1976)
 * Jacob Burckhardt, (1818–1897)
 * Samuel Butler, (1835–1902)

C

 * Cai Yuanpei, (1868–1940)
 * Edward Caird, (1835–1908)
 * Mary Whiton Calkins, (1863–1930)
 * Norman Robert Campbell, (1880–1949)
 * Georg Cantor, (1845–1918)
 * Pantaleo Carabellese, (1877–1948)
 * Rudolf Carnap, (1891–1970)*
 * Lewis Carroll, (1832–1898)
 * Paul Carus, (1852–1919)
 * Ernst Cassirer, (1874–1945)
 * Carlo Cattaneo, (1801–1869)
 * Emile Auguste Chartier, (1868–1951)
 * Nikolai Chernyshevsky, (1828–1889)
 * Ch'ien Mu, (1895–1990)
 * Leon Chwistek, (1884–1944)
 * August Cieszkowski, (1814–1894)
 * William Kingdon Clifford, (1845–1879)
 * Chapman Cohen, (1868–1954)
 * Hermann Cohen, (1842–1918)*
 * R. G. Collingwood, (1889–1943)
 * Josephus Flavius Cook, (1838–1901)
 * John Cook Wilson, (1849–1915)
 * Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, (1877–1947)
 * Hans Cornelius, (1863–1947)
 * Antoine Augustin Cournot, (1801–1877)
 * Louis Couturat, (1868–1914)
 * James Edwin Creighton, (1861–1924)
 * Benedetto Croce, (1866–1952)
 * Tadeusz Czezowski, (1889–1981)
 * Heinrich Czolbe, (1819–1873)

D

 * Nikolay Danilevsky (1822–1885)
 * Charles Darwin, (1809–1882)
 * Augustus De Morgan, (1806–1871)
 * Francesco de Sanctis, (1817–1883)
 * Richard Dedekind, (1831–1916)
 * Galvano Della Volpe, (1895–1968)
 * Paul Deussen, (1845–1919)
 * John Dewey, (1859–1952)
 * Albert Venn Dicey, (1835–1922)
 * Wilhelm Dilthey, (1833–1911)
 * Hugo Dingler, (1881–1954)
 * Juan Donoso Cortés (1809–1853)
 * Herman Dooyeweerd, (1894–1977)
 * Fyodor Dostoevsky, (1821–1881)
 * Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch, (1867–1941)
 * Emil du Bois-Reymond, (1818–1896)
 * Curt Ducasse, (1881–1969)
 * Pierre Duhem, (1861–1916)
 * Eugen Dühring, (1833–1921)
 * Émile Durkheim, (1858–1917)
 * Manilal Dwivedi, (1858–1898)

E

 * Julius Ebbinghaus, (1885–1981)
 * Arthur Eddington, (1882–1944)
 * Mary Baker Eddy, (1821–1910)
 * Christian von Ehrenfels, (1856–1932)
 * Albert Einstein, (1879–1955)
 * George Eliot, (1819–1880)
 * Ralph Waldo Emerson, (1803–1882)
 * Friedrich Engels (1820–1895)
 * Rudolf Christoph Eucken, (1846–1926)
 * Julius Evola, (1898–1974)

F

 * Thome H. Fang, (1899–1976)
 * Gustav Fechner, (1801–1887)
 * Feng Youlan, (1895–1990)
 * Ernest Fenollosa, (1853–1908)
 * Giuseppe Ferrari, (1812–1876)
 * James Frederick Ferrier, (1808–1864)
 * Ludwig Feuerbach, (1804–1872)
 * Kuno Fischer, (1824–1907)
 * John Fiske, (1842–1901)
 * Franciszek Fiszer, (1860–1937)
 * Robert Flint, (1838–1910)
 * Pavel Aleksandrovich Florenskii, (1882–1937)
 * Georges Florovsky, (1893–1979)
 * Jerome Frank, (1889–1957)
 * Philipp Frank, (1884–1966)
 * Semën Liudvigovich Frank (1877–1950)
 * Gottlob Frege, (1848–1925)
 * Sigmund Freud, (1856–1939)
 * Hans Freyer, (1887–1969)
 * Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov, (1829–1903)

G

 * Mahatma Gandhi, (1869–1948)
 * Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, (1887–1964)
 * Nārāyana Guru, (1856–1928)
 * Giovanni Gentile, (1875–1944)
 * Otto von Gierke, (1841–1921)
 * Charlotte Perkins Gilman, (1860–1935)
 * Étienne Gilson, (1884–1978)
 * Asher Ginsberg (or Ahad Ha'am), (1856–1927)
 * Vincenzo Gioberti, (1801–1852)
 * Arthur de Gobineau, (1816–1882)
 * Henry George, (1839–1897)
 * Antonio Gramsci, (1891–1937)
 * Thomas Hill Green, (1836–1882)
 * Kurt Grelling, (1886–1942)
 * John Grote, (1813–1866)
 * D. V. Gundappa, (1889–1975)
 * G. I. Gurdjieff, (1872–1949)
 * Edmund Gurney, (1847–1888)

H

 * Paul Häberlin, (1878–1960)
 * Ernst Haeckel, (1834–1919)
 * Axel Hägerström, (1868–1939)
 * Béla Hamvas, (1897–1968)
 * Eduard Hanslick, (1825–1904)
 * Friedrich Harms, (1819–1880)
 * William Torrey Harris, (1835–1909)
 * Eduard Von Hartmann, (1842–1906)
 * Nicolai Hartmann, (1882–1950)*
 * Charles Hartshorne, (1897–2000)
 * Friedrich Hayek, (1899–1992)
 * Rudolf Haym, (1821–1901)
 * Martin Heidegger, (1889–1976)*
 * Hermann von Helmholtz, (1821–1894)
 * Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, (1857–1894)
 * Alexander Herzen, (1812–1870)
 * Moses Hess, (1812–1875)
 * Sergei Hessen, (1887–1950)
 * David Hilbert, (1862–1943)
 * Dietrich von Hildebrand, (1889–1977)
 * Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, (1864–1929)
 * William Ernest Hocking, (1873–1966)
 * Shadworth Hodgson, (1832–1912)
 * Eric Hoffer, (1898–1983)
 * Harald Høffding, (1843–1931)
 * Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, (1879–1918)
 * Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., (1841–1935)
 * Max Horkheimer, (1895–1973)
 * Hsiung Shih-li, (1885–1968)
 * Hu Shih, (1891–1962)
 * Elbert Hubbard, (1856–1915)
 * Edmund Husserl, (1859–1938)
 * Thomas Henry Huxley, (1825–1895)

I

 * Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in, (1883–1954)
 * Roman Ingarden, (1893–1970)
 * William Ralph Inge, (1860–1954)
 * Muhammad Iqbal, (1877–1938)

J

 * Henry James Sr., (1811–1882)
 * William James, (1842–1910)
 * Alfred Jarry, (1873–1907)
 * Karl Jaspers, (1883–1969)*
 * William Stanley Jevons, (1835–1882)*
 * Rudolf von Jhering, (1818–1892)
 * Krishnamurti Jiddu, (1895–1986)
 * C.E.M. Joad, (1891–1953)
 * William Ernest Johnson, (1858–1931)
 * Jørgen Jørgensen, (1894–1969)
 * Carl Jung, (1875–1961)
 * Ernst Jünger, (1895–1998)

K

 * Kang Youwei, (1858–1927)
 * Mordecai Kaplan, (1881–1983)
 * Michael Ivanovich Karinski (1840–1917)
 * Karl Kautsky, (1854–1938)
 * Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885)
 * Hans Kelsen, (1881–1973)
 * Norman Kemp Smith, (1872–1958)
 * John Maynard Keynes, (1883–1946)
 * Hermann von Keyserling, (1880–1946)
 * Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860)
 * Søren Kierkegaard, (1813–1855)
 * Nishida Kitaro (1870–1945)
 * Wolfgang Köhler, (1887–1967)
 * Feliks Koneczny (1862–1949)
 * Alejandro Korn, (1860–1936)
 * Tadeusz Kotarbiński, (1886–1981)
 * Alexandre Koyre, (1892–1964)
 * Karl Kraus, (1874–1936)
 * Jiddu Krishnamurti, (1895–1986)
 * Leopold Kronecker, (1823–1891)
 * Richard Kroner, (1884–1974)
 * Peter Kropotkin, (1842–1921)
 * Kuki Shūzō, (1888–1941)

L

 * Antonio Labriola, (1843–1904)
 * Jules Lachelier, (1832–1918)
 * Pierre Laffitte, (1823–1903)
 * Friedrich Albert Lange, (1828–1875)
 * Susanne Langer, (1895–1985)
 * Ferdinand Lassalle, (1825–1864)
 * Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov, (1823–1900)
 * Moritz Lazarus, (1824–1903)
 * Edouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy, (1870–1954)
 * Adrian LeMors, (1893–1956)
 * Vladimir Lenin, (1870–1924)
 * Konstantin Nikolaevich Leont'ev, (1831–1891)
 * Jules Lequier, (1814–1862)
 * Stanisław Leśniewski, (1886–1939)
 * Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, (1857–1939)
 * George Henry Lewes, (1817–1878)
 * Kurt Lewin, (1890–1947)
 * Clarence Irving Lewis, (1883–1964)*
 * C. S. Lewis, (1898–1963)
 * John Lewis, (1889–1976)
 * Liang Qichao (or Liang Ch'i-ch'ao), (1873–1929)
 * Liang Sou-ming, (1893–1988)
 * Karol Libelt, (1807–1875)
 * Israel Lipkin, (1810–1883)*
 * Émile Littré, (1801–1881)
 * Liu Shaoqi (orLiu Shao-ch'i), (1898–1969)
 * Karl Nickerson Llywelyn, (1893–1962)
 * Alain LeRoy Locke, (1886–1954)
 * Alfred Loisy, (1857–1940)
 * Jakob Lorber, (1800–1864)
 * Aleksei Fedorovich Losev, (1893–1988)
 * Nicholas Onufrievich Lossky, (1870–1965)
 * Hermann Lotze, (1817–1881)
 * Arthur O. Lovejoy, (1873–1962)
 * Georg Lukács, (1885–1971)
 * Jan Łukasiewicz, (1878–1956)
 * Rosa Luxemburg, (1871–1919)

M

 * Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975)
 * Ernst Mach, (1838–1916)
 * John Macmurray, (1891–1976)
 * Philipp Mainländer, (1841–1876)
 * Ernst Mally, (1879–1944)
 * Karl Mannheim, (1893–1947)
 * Henry Longueville Mansel, (1820–1871)
 * Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung), (1893–1976)
 * Gabriel Marcel, (1887–1973)
 * Herbert Marcuse, (1898–1979)
 * Jacques Maritain, (1882–1973)
 * Harriet Martineau, (1802–1876)
 * James Martineau, (1805–1900)
 * Karl Marx, (1818–1883)
 * Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, (1850–1937)
 * Fritz Mauthner, (1849–1923)
 * James Clerk Maxwell, (1831–1879)12
 * James McCosh, (1811–1894)
 * William McDougall, (1871–1938)
 * John Ellis McTaggart, (1866–1925)
 * George Herbert Mead, (1863–1931)
 * Georg Mehlis, (born 19th century)
 * Friedrich Meinecke, (1862–1954)
 * Alexius Meinong, (1853–1920)*
 * Gregor Mendel, (1822–1884)
 * Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo, (1856–1912)
 * Désiré-Joseph Mercier, (1851–1926)
 * Franklin Merrell-Wolff, (1887–1985)
 * Emile Meyerson, (1859–1933)
 * Carlo Michelstaedter, (1887–1910)
 * Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovskii, (1842–1904)
 * Miki Kiyoshi, (1897–1945)
 * John Stuart Mill, (1806–1873)
 * Ludwig von Mises, (1881–1973)
 * William Mitchell, (1861–1962)
 * Dimitrije Mitrinovic, (1887–1953)
 * W. H. S. Monck (1839–1915)
 * Maria Montessori (1870–1952)
 * Addison Webster Moore, (1866–1930)
 * G. E. Moore, (1873–1958)
 * Gaetano Mosca, (1858–1941)
 * John Henry Muirhead, (1855–1940)
 * Max Müller, (1823–1900)

N

 * Paul Gerhard Natorp, (1854–1924)
 * John Neihardt, (1881–1973)
 * Leonard Nelson, (1882–1927)
 * Otto Neurath, (1882–1945)
 * John Henry Newman, (1801–1890)
 * H. Richard Niebuhr, (1894–1962)
 * Reinhold Niebuhr, (1892–1971)
 * Friedrich Nietzsche, (1844–1900)
 * Nishi Amane, (1829–1897)
 * Nishida Kitaro, (1870–1945)
 * Shalva Nutsubidze, (1888–1969)
 * Anders Nygren, (1890–1978)

O

 * Georges Ohsawa, (1893–1966)
 * Karl Olivecrona, (1897–1980)
 * John Wood Oman, (1860–1939)
 * José Ortega y Gasset, (1883–1955)
 * Rudolf Otto, (1869–1937)
 * P. D. Ouspensky, (1878–1947)

P

 * Vilfredo Pareto, (1848–1923)
 * Giuseppe Peano, (1858–1932)
 * Benjamin Peirce, (1809–1880)
 * Charles Sanders Peirce, (1839–1914)
 * Ralph Barton Perry, (1876–1957)
 * Leon Petrazycki, (1867–1931)
 * Branislav Petronijević, (1875–1954)
 * Jean Piaget, (1896–1980)
 * Max Planck, (1858–1947)
 * Georgi Plekhanov, (1856–1918)
 * Konstantin Pobedonostsev, (1827–1907)
 * Henri Poincaré, (1854–1912)
 * Michael Polanyi, (1891–1976)
 * Emil Leon Post, (1897–1954)
 * Roscoe Pound, (1870–1964)
 * Karl von Prantl, (1820–1888)
 * Henry Habberley Price, (1899–1984)
 * Harold Arthur Prichard, (1871–1947)
 * Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, (1809–1865)

R

 * Gustav Radbruch, (1878–1949)
 * Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, (1888–1975)
 * Hastings Rashdall, (1858–1924)
 * Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, (1813–1900)
 * Paul Rée, (1849–1901)
 * Wilhelm Reich, (1897–1957)
 * Hans Reichenbach, (1891–1953)
 * Adolf Reinach, (1883–1917)
 * Karl Renner, (1870–1950)
 * Charles Bernard Renouvier, (1815–1903)
 * I. A. Richards, (1893–1979)
 * Heinrich Rickert, (1863–1936)*
 * Bernhard Riemann, (1826–1866)
 * George Croom Robertson, (1842–1892)
 * Erwin Rohde, (1845–1898)
 * Francisco Romero (1891–1962)
 * Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz, (1805–1879)
 * Franz Rosenzweig, (1886–1929)
 * Alf Niels Christian Ross, (1899–1979)
 * William David Ross, (1877–1971)
 * Josiah Royce, (1855–1916)
 * Vasily Rozanov, (1856–1919)
 * Arnold Ruge, (1802–1880)
 * Bertrand Russell, (1872–1970)

S

 * Émile Saisset, (1814–1863)
 * George Santayana, (1863–1952)
 * Ferdinand de Saussure, (1857–1913)
 * Max Scheler, (1874–1928)
 * F. C. S. Schiller, (1864–1937)
 * Moritz Schlick, (1882–1936)
 * Carl Schmitt, (1888–1985)
 * Erwin Schrödinger, (1887–1961)
 * Joseph Schumpeter, (1883–1950)
 * Alfred Schütz, (1899–1959)
 * Albert Schweizer, (1875–1965)
 * Charles Secrétan, (1815–1895)
 * Roy Wood Sellars, (1880–1973)
 * Lev Shestov, (1866–1938)
 * Gustav Gustavovich Shpet, (1879–1937)
 * Henry Sidgwick, (1838–1900)
 * Georg Simmel, (1858–1918)
 * Thoralf Skolem, (1887–1963)
 * Vladimir Solovyov, (1853–1900)
 * Georges Sorel, (1847–1922)
 * William Ritchie Sorley, (1855–1935)
 * Othmar Spann, (1878–1950)
 * Herbert Spencer, (1820–1903)
 * Thomas Spencer Baynes, (1823–1887)
 * Oswald Spengler, (1880–1936)
 * Afrikan Spir, (1837–1890)
 * Lysander Spooner, (1808–1887)
 * Walter Terence Stace, (1886–1967)
 * Henry Stanton, (1805–1887)
 * Olaf Stapledon, (1886–1950)
 * L. Susan Stebbing, (1885–1943)
 * Edith Stein, (1891–1942)
 * Rudolf Steiner, (1861–1925)
 * Leslie Stephen, (1832–1904)
 * James Hutchison Stirling, (1820–1909)
 * Max Stirner, (1806–1856)
 * George Frederick Stout, (1860–1944)
 * David Friedrich Strauss, (1808–1874)
 * Leo Strauss, (1899–1973)
 * Carl Stumpf, (1848–1936)
 * James Sully, (1842–1923)
 * Sun Yat-sen, (1866–1925)

T

 * Debendranath Tagore, (1817–1905)
 * Rabindranath Tagore, (1861–1941)
 * Hippolyte Taine, (1828–1893)
 * T'an Ssu-t'ung, (1864–1898)
 * Tanabe Hajime, (1885–1962)
 * Władysław Tatarkiewicz, (1886–1980)
 * Harriet Taylor Mill, (1807–1858)
 * Gustav Teichmuller (1837–1888)
 * Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, (1881–1955)
 * William Temple, (1881–1944)
 * Frederick Robert Tennant, (1866–1957)
 * Henry David Thoreau, (1817–1862)
 * Paul Tillich, (1886–1965)
 * Alexis de Tocqueville, (1805–1859)
 * Leo Tolstoy, (1828–1910)
 * Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, (1802–1872)
 * Ernst Troeltsch, (1865–1923)
 * Leon Trotsky, (1879–1940)
 * Benjamin Tucker, (1854–1939)
 * Kazimierz Twardowski, (1866–1938)

U

 * Pietro Ubaldi, (1886–1972)
 * Hermann Ulrici, (1806–1884)
 * Miguel de Unamuno, (1864–1936)
 * Dimitri Uznadze, (1886–1950)

V

 * Hans Vaihinger, (1852–1933)
 * John Veitch, (1829–1894)
 * John Venn, (1834–1923)
 * Milan Vidmar, (1885–1962)
 * Lev Vygotsky, (1896–1934)
 * Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev, (1877–1954)

W

 * Jean Wahl, (1888–1974)
 * Friedrich Waismann, (1896–1959)
 * Alfred Russel Wallace, (1823–1913)
 * James Ward, (1843–1925)
 * John B. Watson, (1878–1958)
 * Watsuji Tetsuro, (1889–1960)
 * Max Weber, (1864–1920)*
 * Otto Weininger, (1880–1903)
 * Christian Hermann Weisse, (1801–1866)
 * Victoria, Lady Welby, (1837–1912)
 * Felix Weltsch, (1884–1964)
 * Edvard Westermarck, (1862–1939)
 * Hermann Weyl, (1885–1955)
 * Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr), (1879–1951)
 * Alfred North Whitehead, (1861–1947)
 * Wilhelm Windelband, (1848–1915)*
 * Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz, (1885–1939)
 * Ludwig Wittgenstein, (1889–1951)
 * Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui), (1865–1953)
 * Chauncey Wright, (1830–1875)
 * Dorothy Maud Wrinch, (1894–1976)
 * Wilhelm Wundt, (1832–1920)*

Z

 * Peter Wessel Zapffe, (1899–1990)
 * Eduard Zeller, (1814–1908)
 * Ernst Zermelo, (1871–1953)
 * Zhang Dongsun, (1886–1973)
 * Florian Znaniecki, (1882–1958)
 * Xavier Zubiri, (1889–1983)