List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars

The following is a list of Persian scientists, engineers, and scholars who lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern age.

A

 * Abdul Qadir Gilani (12th century) theologian and philosopher
 * Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i (10th century) physician
 * Abu Dawood (c. 817–889), Islamic scholar
 * Abu Hanifa (699–767), Islamic scholar
 * Abu Said Gorgani (10th century)
 * 'Adud al-Dawla (936–983), scientific patron
 * Ahmad ibn Farrokh (12th century), physician
 * Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din (11th century), physician and chemist
 * Alavi Shirazi (1670–1747), royal physician in Mughal India
 * Amuli, Muhammad ibn Mahmud (c. 1300–1352), physician
 * Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900–971), mathematician and astronomer
 * Ansari, Khwaja Abdullah (1006–1088), Islamic scholar
 * Aqa-Kermani (18th century), physician
 * Aqsara'i (?–1379), physician
 * Abu Hafsa Yazid, physician
 * Arzani, Muqim (18th century), physician
 * Astarabadi (15th century), physician
 * Aufi, Muhammad (1171–1242), scientist and historian
 * Albubather, physician and astrologer
 * Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath, physician
 * Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri, theologian and philosopher
 * Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi, mathematician and astronomer

B

 * Brethren of Purity
 * Bahmanyār, philosopher
 * Al-Baghawi (c. 1041–1122), Islamic scholar
 * Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī (1547–1621), poet, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer
 * Baha Al-Dowleh Razi (died c. 915), physician
 * Al-Baladhuri (?–892), historian
 * Abu Ali Bal'ami (10th century), historian
 * Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787–886), known in Latin as Albumasar, astrologer
 * Abu Zayd al-Balkhi (850–934), geographer and mathematician
 * Banū Mūsā brothers (9th century)
 * Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, historian
 * Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi, historian and Islamic scholar
 * Al-Bayhaqi, faqih and muhadith
 * Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (1706–1791), theologian
 * Bubares (died after 480 BC), engineer
 * Ibn Bibi (13th century), historian of the Seljuks of Rum
 * Biruni (973–1048), astronomer and mathematician
 * Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870), Islamic scholar
 * Sahl ibn Bishr (c. 786–845 ?), astrologer, mathematician
 * Bukhtishu (8th century?), Persian Christian physician of Academy of Gundishapur
 * Bukhtishu, Abdollah ibn (c. 940–1058), Christian physician in Persia
 * Jabril ibn Bukhtishu (9th century), Christian physician
 * Bukhtishu, Yuhanna (9th century), Christian physician
 * Borzuya (6th century), a.k.a. Borzouyeh-i Tabib, physician of Academy of Gundishapur
 * Birjandi (?–1528), astronomer and mathematician
 * Muhammad Bal'ami, historian
 * Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari, physician
 * Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami

D

 * Abu Hanifa Dinawari (815–896), astronomer, agriculturist, botanist, metallurgist, geographer, mathematician, and historian
 * Ibn Durustawayh (872–958), grammarian, lexicographer and student of the Quran and hadith
 * Ibn Qutaybah Dinwari (828–885), historian and theologian

E

 * Abubakr Esfarayeni (13th century?), physician

F

 * Al-Farghani (d. 880), astronomer, known in Latin as Alfraganus
 * Al-Farabi (872–950) (Al-Farabi, Pharabius), philosopher
 * Fazari, Ibrahim (?–777), mathematician and astronomer
 * Fazari, Mohammad (?–796), mathematician and astronomer
 * Feyz Kashani, Mohsen (?–1680), theologian
 * Firishta (1560–1620), historian
 * Ibn al-Faqih, historian and geographer
 * Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi (d. 1278/1279), astronomer
 * Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani (1455–1521), religious scholar, historian and political writer

G

 * Gardizi (?–1061), geographer and historian
 * Ghazali (Algazel, 1058–1111), philosopher
 * Gilani, Hakim (?–1609), royal physician
 * Kushyar Gilani (971–1029), mathematician, geographer, astronomer
 * Zayn al-Din Gorgani (1041–1136), royal physician
 * Rostam Gorgani (16th century), physician
 * Al-Masihi (?–999), Avicenn'a master

H

 * Hakim Ghulam Imam, physician
 * Hakim Muhammad Mehdi Naqi (18th century), physician
 * Hakim Muhammad Sharif Khan (18th century), physician
 * Hakim Nishaburi (933–1012), Islamic scholar
 * Hallaj (858–922), mystic-philosopher
 * Hamadani, Mir Sayyid Ali (1314–1384), poet and philosopher
 * Harawi, Abolfadl (10th century), astronomer of Buyid dynasty
 * Harawi, Muwaffak (10th century), pharmacologist
 * Harawi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf (d. 1542), physician
 * Hasani, Qavameddin (17th century), physician
 * Ibn Hindu (1019–1032), man of letters, physician
 * Haji Bektash Veli, mystic
 * Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, jurisconsult, mystic, philosopher, poet and mathematician
 * Haseb Tabari, astronomer
 * Hammam ibn Munabbih, Islamic scholar
 * Hamza al-Isfahani (ca. 893–after 961), philologist and historian
 * Abu Ja'far ibn Habash

I

 * Ibn Abi Sadiq (11th century), "The Second Hippocrates", Avicenna's disciple
 * Ibn Isfandiyar (13th-century), historian
 * Ibn Khordadbeh (c. 820–912), geographer
 * Ibn Rustah (9th century), explorer and geographer
 * Ilaqi, Yusef (11th century), Avicenna's pupil
 * Mansur ibn Ilyas (14th century), physician
 * Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037), philosopher and physician
 * Isfahani, Imad al-Din (1125–1201) historian and rhetorician
 * Isfahani, Jalaleddin (19th century), physician
 * Isfahani, Husayn (15th century), physician
 * Istakhri (?–957), geographer, gives the earliest known account of windmills
 * Iranshahri (9th century), philosopher, teacher of Abu Bakr al-Razi
 * Al-Isfizari (11th–12th century), mathematician and astronomer

J

 * Jaghmini (14th century), physician
 * Juwayni (1028–1085), philosopher, theologian
 * Juzjani, Abu Ubaid (?–1070), physician
 * Jamal ad-Din Bukhari (13th century), astronomer
 * Jamasp, sage and philosopher
 * Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī (800–860), geometer

K

 * Karaji (953–1029), mathematician
 * Jamshid-i Kashani (c. 1380–1429), astronomer and mathematician
 * Kashfi, Jafar (1775/6–1850/1), theologian
 * Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni (14th century), physician
 * Kermani, Iwad (15th century), physician
 * Kermani, Shams-ud-Din, Islamic scholar
 * Al-Khazini (c. 1130), physicist
 * Khayyam, Omar (1048–1131), poet, mathematician, and astronomer
 * Khorasani, Sultan Ali (16th century), physician
 * Al-Kharaqī, astronomer and mathematician
 * Khujandi (c. 940–c. 1000), mathematician and astronomer
 * Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (a.k.a. Al-Khwarazmi, c. 780–c. 850), creator of algorithm and algebra, mathematician and astronomer
 * Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī, logician and philosopher
 * Shams al-Din al-Khafri, astrologer
 * Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, mathematician and astronomer
 * Kubra, Najmeddin (1145–1220)
 * Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani (d. after 1481), mathematician, astronomer
 * Abu Zayn Kahhal, physician

M

 * Al-Mada'ini (752/753–843), historian
 * Mahani (9th century), mathematician and astronomer
 * Majusi, Ibn Abbas (?–c. 890), physician
 * Marvazi, Abu Taher (12th century), philosopher
 * Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, mathematician, astronomer, geographer
 * Masawaiyh (777–857), or Masuya
 * Mashallah ibn Athari (740–815), of Jewish origins, from Khorasan who designed the city of Baghdad based on Firouzabad
 * Miskawayh (932–1030), philosopher
 * Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi, physician
 * Hamdallah Mustawfi (1281–1349), geographer
 * Mulla Sadra (1572–1640), philosopher
 * Ibn al-Muqaffa' (?–756), founder of Arabic prose along with Abdol-Hamid
 * bin Musa, Hasan (9th century), astronomer, mathematician
 * bin Musa, Ahmad (9th century), astronomer, inventor
 * bin Musa, Muhammad (9th century), astronomer, mathematician
 * Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi (13th century), philosopher
 * Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, Islamic scholar
 * Muqatil ibn Sulayman, mufassir of Quran
 * Ibn Manda, Hadith scholar
 * Abu Ahmad Monajjem (241/855-56–in 13 Rabi' I 300/29 October 912), music theorist, literary historian
 * Masarjawaih (7th century), physician
 * Muhammad Abdolrahman, physician

N

 * Nagawri (14th century), physician
 * Nahavandi, Benjamin, Jewish scholar
 * Nahavandi, Ahmad (9th century), astronomer
 * Nakhshabi (14th century), physician
 * Narshakhi (899–959), historian
 * Nasir Khusraw (1004–1088), scientist, Ismaili scholar, mathematician, philosopher, traveler and poet
 * Natili Tabari (10th century), physician
 * Naubakht (9th century), designer of the city of Baghdad
 * Naubakht, Fadhl ibn (8th century), astronomer
 * Nawbakhty (4th Hijri century), Islamic scholar, philosopher
 * Nizam al-Din Nishapuri, mathematician, astronomer, jurist, exegete, and poet
 * Nawbakhti, Ruh (10th century), Islamic scholar
 * Nayrizi (865–922), mathematician and astronomer
 * Naqshband, Baha ud-Din (1318–1389), philosopher
 * Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri (18th century), physician
 * Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (c. 815–875), Islamic scholar
 * Nurbakhshi (16th century), physician
 * Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi, theologian, mufassir, muhaddith and historian
 * Al-Nasa'i, hadith collector
 * Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, historian and biographer
 * Abu Nu`aym, Islamic scholar

O

 * Ostanes, ancient Persian alchemist

P

 * Paul the Persian (6th century), philosopher

Q

 * Qazwini, Zakariya (1203–1283), physician
 * Qumi, Qazi Sa’id (1633–1692), theologian
 * Qumri (10th century), physician
 * Ali Qushji (1403–16 December 1474), mathematician, astronomer and physician
 * Ali al-Qari, Islamic scholar
 * Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi, jurist and Shia scholar
 * Al-Quda'i (d. 1062), judge, preacher and historian in Fatimid Egypt

R

 * Razi, Amin (16th century), geographer
 * Razi, Zakariya (Rhazes) (c. 865–925), chemist, physician, and philosopher
 * Razi, Najmeddin (1177–1256), mystic
 * Rumi, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad (1207–1273), Muslim poet, jurist, Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic
 * Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318), historian, physician and politician
 * Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi, Ismaili philosopher
 * Rudaki (858–941), Persian poet

S

 * Sabzevari, Mulla Hadi (1797–1873), poet and philosopher
 * Saghani Ostorlabi (?–990), astronomer
 * Sahl, Fadl ibn (?–818), astronomer
 * Sahl, Shapur ibn (?–869), physician
 * Samarqandi, Najibeddin (13th century), physician
 * Samarqandi, Ashraf (c. 1250–c. 1310), mathematician, astronomer
 * Samarqandi, Dawlatshah (1438–1495/1507) biographer
 * Sarakhsi, Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib (9th century) historian and philosopher
 * Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (?–1096), Islamic scholar
 * Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-Sarakhsi, historian, traveller
 * Shahrastani (1086–1153), historian of religions
 * Shahrazuri (13th century), philosopher and physician
 * Shahrazuri, Ibn al-Salah (1181–1245), Islamic scholar
 * Shaykh Tusi (996–1067), Islamic scholar
 * Ibn Babawayh (923–991), theologian
 * Ibn Sahl, mathematician, physicist
 * Abu ul-Ala Shirazi (d. 1001 CE), physician
 * Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb, physician
 * Shirazi, Imad al-Din Mas'ud (16th century), physician
 * Shirazi, Muhammad Hadi Khorasani (18th century), physician
 * Shirazi, Qutbeddin (1236–1311), astronomer
 * Shirazi, Mahmud ibn Ilyas (18th century), physician
 * Shirazi, Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas (?–1330), physician
 * Shirazi, Qurayshi (17th century), physician
 * Shirazi, Sultan Waezin (1894–1971), theologian
 * Sibawayh, linguist and grammarian
 * Sijzi (c. 945–c. 1020), mathematician and astronomer
 * Sijzi, Mas'ud (14th century), physician
 * Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (903–986), astronomer from Ray who invented the meridian ring
 * Mūsā ibn Shākir, astronomer
 * Suhrawardi, Shahab al-Din (1155–1191), philosopher
 * Abu Sulayman Sijistani, philosopher
 * ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani, Islamic scholar
 * Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji, philosopher and logician
 * Zeynalabdin Shirvani, geographer, philosopher and poet
 * Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani, Ismaili philosopher
 * Abu'l-'Anbas Saymari, astrologer

T

 * Tabarani, Abu al-Qasim (873–970), Islamic scholar
 * Tabari Amoli (839–923), historian
 * Tabari, ibn Farrukhan (?–815), astrologer and architect
 * Tabari, Abul Hasan (10th century), physician
 * Tabari, Ibn Sahl (c. 783–c. 858), Jewish convert physician, master of Rhazes
 * Tabrizi, Maqsud Ali (17th century), physician
 * Taftazani (1322–1390), theologian, linguist
 * Tayfur, Ibn Abi Tahir (819–893), linguist
 * Tirmidhi (824–892), Islamic scholar
 * Tunakabuni (17th century), physician
 * Tughra'i (c. 1061–1122), physician
 * Tusi, Nizam ol-Molk (1018–1092), Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire
 * Tusi, Nasireddin (1201–1274), Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian
 * Tusi, Sharafeddin (?–1213/4), mathematician
 * Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi, Islamic scholar
 * 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk, Persian or Turkish mathematician

U

 * Safi al-Din al-Urmawi (c. 1216–1294), musician
 * Abu al‐Uqul al‐Tabari (14th century), Yemenite astronomer of Iranian origin

V

 * Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat (13th century), scholar and physician

W

 * Waqidi (748–822), historian
 * Wassaf, historian
 * Al-Wabkanawi, astronomer

Y

 * Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq (?–796), mathematician and astronomer
 * Yunus ibn Habib, linguist
 * Yahya ibn Ma'in, Islamic scholar
 * Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni, musician
 * Yahya ibn Abi Mansur (d. 830 CE), astronomer

Z

 * Dawud al-Zahiri (815–834) theologian and historian
 * Zamakhshari (1074/5–1143/4), scholar and geographer
 * Muhammad Zarrindast (11th century), oculist
 * Zayn-e-Attar (?–c. 1403), physician
 * Zarir Jurjani (9th century), mathematician and astronomer
 * Zakariya al-Qazwini (1203–1283) physician, astronomer, geographer, and proto-science fiction writer