List of sovereign states in 1500

A

 *  Abazinia – Abazinia
 *  Aceh – Aceh Sultanate
 * Adal – Adal Sultanate
 *  Ahmadnagar – Ahmadnagar Sultanate
 *  Ahom – Ahom Kingdom
 * Airgíalla
 * Ailech
 * Aïr – Terene Sultanate of Aïr (to 1500)
 *  Ajuran – Ajuran Sultanate
 *  Ağ Qoyunlu – Ağ Qoyunlu Confederation
 * Alodia – Alodia
 *  Andorra – Principality of Andorra
 *  Aragon – Kingdom of Aragon
 *  Astrakhan – Khanate of Astrakhan
 * Ava – Kingdom of Ava
 * Avar – Avar Khanate
 * Ayutthaya – Ayutthaya Kingdom
 *  Aztec – Aztec Empire
 *  Tenochtitlan
 *  Texcoco
 *  Tlacopan

B

 * Bamum – Kingdom of Bamum
 * Banu Sulaym
 * Bahmani – Bahmani Sultanate (undergoing breakup)
 * Bastar – Bastar State
 * Benin – Benin Empire
 *  Bengal – Sultanate of Bengal
 * Berar – Berar Sultanate
 * Bidar – Bidar Sultanate
 * Bijapur – Adil Shahi dynasty of the Bijapur Sultanate
 * Bikaner
 * Bonoman
 * Borgu – Kingdom of Borgu
 *  Bornu – Bornu Empire
 *  Brunei – Bruneian Sultanate
 * Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda
 * Bundi – Bundi State
 * Butua – Kingdom of Butua
 *  Butuan – Rajahnate of Butuan
 * Bunyoro – Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara

C

 * Caboloan
 *  Cambodia
 * Chamba – Chamba State
 * Champa – Chăm Pa
 * China – Empire of the Great Ming
 * Chutiya – Chutiya Kingdom
 * Circassia
 *  Clandeboye
 *  Cospaia - Republic of Cospaia
 * Cutch – Cutch State

D

 * Damot – Kingdom of Damot
 * Đại Việt
 * Dawro – Kingdom of Dawro
 *  Delhi – Delhi Sultanate
 * Demak – Sultanate of Demak
 * Denkyira
 * Desmond – Kingdom of Desmond
 *  Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
 * Dizak – Principality of Dizak
 * Dulkadirids – Beylik of Dulkadir

E

 *  undefined – Kingdom of England
 * Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire

F

 *  Fermanagh
 *  undefined – Kingdom of France

G

 * Gajapati – Gajapati dynasty, Odisha
 * Garhwal – Kingdom of Garhwal
 *  undefined – Republic of Genoa
 * Gowa – Sultanate of Gowa
 * Great Fulo – Empire of Great Fulo
 *  Golden Horde – Golden Horde
 *  Gujarat – Gujarat Sultanate

H

 *  Hanthawaddy – Hanthawaddy Kingdom
 * Hausa Kingdoms
 * Hawwara
 *  Holy Roman Empire (high decentralized limited elective monarchy)
 *  Hungary – Kingdom of Hungary

I

 * Igala – Kingdom of Igala
 *  Imereti – Kingdom of Imereti
 *  Inca – Inca Empire
 * Iroquois – Iroquois Confederacy

J

 * Jaffna – Kingdom of Jaffna
 * Jailolo – Sultanate of Jailolo
 * Jaintia – Kingdom of Jaintia
 * Jaisalmer – Kingdom of Jaisalmer
 * Janjero – Kingdom of Janjero
 *  Japan – Ashikaga Shogunate
 * Jolof – Jolof Empire
 * Joseon – Kingdom of Great Joseon
 * Jumla – Kingdom of Jumla

K

 *  Kabardia – Princedom of Kabardia
 * Kachari – Kingdom of Kachari
 * Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa
 *  Kakheti – Kingdom of Kakheti
 * Kakongo – Kingdom of Kakongo
 * Kalahandi – Kalahandi State
 * Kamata – Kingdom of Kamata
 * Kandy – Kingdom of Kandy
 *  Kangleipak – Kangleipak State
 * Kangra – Kingdom of Kangra
 * Kanker – Kanker State
 * Kartli – Kingdom of Kartli
 * Kashmir – Shah Mir Dynasty of Kashmir
 * Kazakh – Kazakh Khanate
 *  Kazan – Khanate of Kazan
 * Khachen – Principality of Khachen
 * Kilwa – Kilwa Sultanate
 *  Knights Hospitaller – Order of Saint John
 * Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
 *  undefined – Kingdom of Kotte
 * Kumaon – Kingdom of Kumaon
 * Kutai – Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate
 * Kwararafa – Kwararafa Confederacy

L

 * Ladakh – Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh
 * Lan Na – Lanna Kingdom
 * Lan Xang
 *  Lithuania – Grand Duchy of Lithuania
 * Luwu – Kingdom of Luwu

M

 * Madja-as – Confederation of Madja-as
 * Magh Luirg
 *  Majapahit – Majapahit Empire
 * Malacca – The Malay Sultanate of Malacca
 *  Maldives – Sultanate of the Maldives
 * Mali – Mali Empire
 * Malwa – Malwa Sultanate
 *  Mamluk – Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo
 * Mandara – Kingdom of Mandara
 * Mankessim – Kingdom of Mankessim
 * Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi
 * Marwar – Kingdom of Marwar
 * Mayas – Maya civilization
 * Maynila – Kingdom of Maynila
 * Medri Bahri – Land of the Sea
 * Mewar – Mewar Kingdom
 * Mewat – Mewat State
 * Moghulistan
 *  Morocco – Wattasid dynasty of Morocco
 * Mossi Kingdoms
 * Mrauk U – Kingdom of Mrauk U
 * Muisca Confederation
 *  Muscovy – Grand Duchy of Muscovy
 * Mustang – Kingdom of Mustang
 * Mutapa – Kingdom of Mutapa

N

 * Namayan - Kingdom of Namayan
 *  undefined – Kingdom of Naples
 *  Navarre – Kingdom of Navarre
 * Nepal – Malla dynasty of Nepal (divided into three kingdoms since 1482)
 *  Nogai – Nogai Horde
 *  Noli – Republic of Noli
 * Nri – Kingdom of Nri
 * Nupe – Kingdom of Nupe

O

 * Oirat – Four Oirat
 *  Oman – Imamate of Oman
 *  Osraige
 *  Ottoman Empire
 * Oyo – Oyo Empire

P

 * Pagaruyung – Kingdom of Pagaruyung
 *  Papal States
 * Patna – Patna State
 *  Poland – Kingdom of Poland
 * 🇵🇹 portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
 * Prome – Kingdom of Prome
 *  Pskov – Republic of Pskov

R

 *  undefined – Republic of Ragusa
 * Ramazanids – Emirate of Ramadan
 * Rapa Nui – Kingdom of Rapa Nui
 * Rwanda – Kingdom of Rwanda
 *  Ryazan – Principality of Ryazan
 *  Ryukyu – Ryukyu Kingdom

S

 * Saloum – Kingdom of Saloum
 *  Samtskhe – Samtskhe Atabegate
 * Samudera Pasai – Samudera Pasai Sultanate
 *  San Marino – Republic of San Marino
 * Saudeleur – Saudeleur dynasty
 *  Scotland – Kingdom of Scotland
 *  Senarica – Senarica Republic
 *  Shan States (minor kingdoms of Burma)
 * Shewa – Sultanate of Shewa
 * Shaybanid Uzbek State (Khanate of Bukhara)
 * Shilluk – Shilluk Kingdom
 * Sibir – Khanate of Sibir
 *  Sindh – Samma dynasty of Sindh
 * Songhai – Songhai Empire
 * Suket – Suket State
 * Sunda – Kingdom of Sunda
 *  Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden  Sharifate of Makkah

T

 * Tarascan state
 *  Ternate – Sultanate of Ternate
 *  Teutonic Knights – State of the Teutonic Order
 *  Thomond – Kingdom of Thomond
 * Tibet, Phagmodrupa – Phagmodrupa dynasty of Tibet
 * Tibet, Rinpungpa – Rinpungpa dynasty of Tibet
 *  Tidore – Sultanate of Tidore
 *  Timurid Empire
 *  Tlaxcala – Confederacy of Tlaxcala
 *  Tlemcen – Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen
 * Tondo – Tundun
 * Tonga – Tu'i Tonga Empire
 * Tunjurs – Tunjur Kingdom
 *  Tunis – Sultanate of Tunis
 *  Tyrconnell
 *  Tyrone
 *  Twipra – Kingdom of Twipra

U

 *  Uí Maine
 * Usfurids – Usfurid dynasty

V

 *  Venice – Most Serene Republic of Venice
 *  Vijayanagara – Vijayanagara Empire

W

 * Warsangali – Warsangali Sultanate
 * Wehali – Sultanate of Wehali
 * Welayta – Kingdom of Welayta

Y

 * Yemen – Tahirid dynasty of Yemen
 * Yuan – Northern Yuan

Z

 * Zapotec – Zapotec Empire

Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a highly decentralized collection of polities. A comprehensive list of all of its anachronistic components has been made at List of states in the Holy Roman Empire, and would be much too large to fit here.


 *  Austria – Archduchy of Austria
 *  Bavaria – Duchy of Bavaria
 *  Bohemia – Kingdom of Bohemia
 *  Brandenburg – Margraviate of Brandenburg
 *  Electoral Palatinate – County Palatine of the Rhine
 *  undefined – Republic of Florence
 *  Lorraine – Duchy of Lorraine
 *  undefined – Duchy of Savoy
 *  Saxony – Electorate of Saxony
 *  Switzerland – Swiss Confederacy

Crowns and Unions
Crowns were composite monarchies composed of multiple countries under one ruler.

Kingdom of Denmark · Norway · Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Poland · Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Aragon · Principality of Catalonia · Kingdom of Majorca · Kingdom of Sardinia · Kingdom of Sicily
 *  Kalmar Union
 * Polish–Lithuanian union (federal union)
 * Spain (dynastic union)
 *  Aragon – Crown of Aragon
 *  Castile – Crown of Castile

Kingdom of Castile · Kingdom of Leon

England

 *  Wales (client state) – Principality of Wales

Gujarat

 * Khandesh – Faruqi dynasty of the Khandesh Sultanate (vassal)

Imereti

 *  Guria (client state) – Principality of Guria
 *  Svaneti (subject) – Principality of Svaneti

Ottoman Empire

 *  Crimean Khanate – Crimean Khanate (vassal)
 *  Wallachia – Principality of Wallachia (vassal)

Poland

 *  Moldavia – Principality of Moldavia (fief)

Portugal

 *  Azores (possession)
 *  Brazil (colony)
 *  Ceuta (possession; Moroccan city captured in 1415)
 *  Portuguese Gold Coast (colony)
 *  Portuguese Mozambique (colony)
 *  Príncipe (colony)
 *  São Tomé (colony)
 *  Tangier (possession)

Spain (Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon)

 *  Canary Islands – Kingdom of the Canary Islands
 * Mellila – Mellila (Moroccan city seized in 1497)

Sunda

 *  Cirebon – Sultanate of Cirebon (vassal)

Vijayanagara

 * Calicut – Kingdom of Kozhikode (vassal)
 * Mysore – Kingdom of Mysore (vassal)