List of sovereign states in 1648

A

 * Abkhazia – Principality of Abkhazia
 * Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
 * Andorra – Principality of Andorra
 * Ahom – Ahom Kingdom
 * Arakkal – Kingdom of Cannanore
 * Avar – Avar Khanate
 * Ayutthaya – Ayutthaya Kingdom

B

 * Bajhang
 * Bastar – Bastar State
 * – Benin Empire
 * – Kingdom of Bhutan
 * – Bono state
 * Brunei – Sultanate of Brunei
 * Bukhara – Khanate of Bukhara
 * Burma – Burmese Empire

C

 * Calicut – Zamorin of Calicut
 * Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia
 * – Kingdom of Cayor
 * – Great Qing Empire
 * Chamba – Chamba State
 * Champa – Kingdom of Champa
 * Chitradurga – Chitradurga Nayak Kingdom
 * Chutiya – Chutiya Kingdom
 * Circassia
 * Cochin – Kingdom of Cochin
 * Cooch Behar – Cooch Behar State
 * Cospaia – Republic of Cospaia

D

 * Đại Việt – Kingdom of Đại Việt
 * – Dendi Kingdom
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark-Norway – United Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway
 * Dhenkanal – Dhenkanal State
 * Dremoshong – Kingdom of Dremoshong
 * Durdzuki
 * Dzungar – Dzungar Khanate

E

 * England – Kingdom of England (in personal union with Scotland)
 * – Ethiopian Empire

F

 * undefined – Kingdom of France

G

 * Garhwal – Garhwal Kingdom
 * – Kingdom of Garo
 * Gazikumukh – Gazikumukh Khanate
 * undefined – Republic of Genoa
 * Gingee – Gingee Nayak Kingdom
 * Gorkha – Gorkha Kingdom

H

 * Hawwara
 * Holy Roman Empire – Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
 * Austria – Archduchy of Austria
 * Bavaria – Electorate of Bavaria
 * Brandenburg – Margraviate of Brandenburg (in personal union with Prussia)
 * Cologne – Electorate of Cologne
 * Electoral Palatinate – County Palatine of the Rhine
 * Lorraine – Duchy of Lorraine
 * Mainz – Electorate of Mainz
 * Saxony – Electorate of Saxony
 * Trier – Electorate of Trier
 * Württemberg – Duchy of Württemberg

I

 * – Ijebu Kingdom
 * Iran – Expansive Realm of Iran
 * Ireland – Irish Catholic Confederation

J

 * Jaintia – Jaintia Kingdom
 * – Kingdom of Janjero
 * – Tokugawa shogunate
 * – Sultanate of Johor
 * – Kingdom of Jolof
 * Jumla

K

 * Kabardia – Principality of Kabardia
 * Kachar – Kachari Kingdom
 * – Kingdom of Kaffa
 * Kalahandi – Kalahandi State
 * Kalmyk – Kalmyk Khanate
 * Kangleipak – Kangleipak State
 * Kangra – Kangra State
 * Kandy – Kingdom of Kandy
 * Kanker – Kanker State
 * Kazakh – Kazakh Khanate
 * Keladi – Keladi Nayak Kingdom
 * Keonjhar – Keonjhar State
 * – Khanate of Khiva
 * Khoshut – Khoshut Khanate
 * Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
 * Korea – Kingdom of Joseon
 * – Kingdom of Koya
 * – Kuba Kingdom
 * Kumaon – Kumaon Kingdom

L

 * Lan Na – Lan Na Kingdom
 * Lo – Kingdom of Lo
 * Lucca – Republic of Lucca

M

 * Madurai – Madurai Nayak dynasty
 * Malta – Order of Saint John
 * Mantua – Duchy of Mantua
 * Massa – Principality of Massa
 * Masserano – Principality of Masserano
 * Mayurbhanj – Mayurbhanj State
 * Modena – Duchy of Modena and Reggio
 * Monaco – Principality of Monaco
 * Montferrat – Duchy of Montferrat
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
 * Mrauk U – Kingdom of Mrauk U
 * Mughal Empire
 * Mysore – Kingdom of Mysore

N

 * Ndongo – Kingdom of Ndongo
 * Nepal – Malla dynasty of Nepal
 * Netherlands – Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
 * Ngoyo – Kingdom of Ngoyo
 * Noli – Republic of Noli

O

 * Odanad
 * Oman – Imamate of Oman
 * Ossetia
 * Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State
 * Oyo – Oyo Empire

P

 * Papal States – State of the Church
 * Parma – Duchy of Parma
 * Patna – Patna State
 * Piombino – Principality of Piombino
 * Poland–Lithuania – Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
 * Prussia – Duchy of Prussia (in personal union with Brandenburg)

R

 * Ragusa – Republic of Ragusa
 * Russia – Tsardom of Russia
 * Ryukyu – Ryukyu Kingdom

S

 * 🇸🇲 San Marino – Republic of San Marino
 * Savoy – Duchy of Savoy
 * Scotland – Kingdom of Scotland (in personal union with England)
 * Seborga – Principality of Seborga
 * Senarica – Republic of Senarica
 * – Funj sultanate of Sinnar
 * Sonepur – Sonepur State
 * Southern Ming – Great Ming Empire
 * Spain – Monarchy of Spain
 * Suket – Suket State
 * Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
 * Sweden – Swedish Empire
 * Switzerland – Swiss Confederacy

T

 * Tarki – Shamkhalate of Tarki
 * Thanjavur – Thanjavur Nayak Kingdom
 * Torriglia – Marquisate of Torriglia
 * Tuscany – Grand Duchy of Tuscany
 * Twipra – Twipra Kingdom

V

 * Venad
 * Venice – Most Serene Republic of Venice

Y

 * Yarkent – Yarkent Khanate
 * Yemen – Zaidi Imamate

England

 * English America