Lower Sorbian language

Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbšćina) is a West Slavic minority language spoken in eastern Germany in the historical province of Lower Lusatia, today part of Brandenburg.

Standard Lower Sorbian is one of the two literary Sorbian languages, the other being the more widely spoken Upper Sorbian. The Lower Sorbian literary standard was developed in the 18th century, based on a southern form of the Cottbus dialect. The standard variety of Lower Sorbian has received structural influence from Upper Sorbian.

Lower Sorbian is spoken in and around the city of Cottbus in Brandenburg. Signs in this region are typically bilingual, and Cottbus has a Lower Sorbian Gymnasium where one language of instruction is Lower Sorbian. It is a heavily endangered language. Most native speakers today belong to the older generations.

Phonology


The phonology of Lower Sorbian has been greatly influenced by contact with German, especially in Cottbus and larger towns. For example, German-influenced pronunciation tends to have a voiced uvular fricative instead of the alveolar trill. In villages and rural areas, German influence is less marked, and the pronunciation is more "typically Slavic".

Consonants

 * are bilabial, whereas are labiodental,  are labiovelar, although the latter may be a labial–palatal approximant.
 * Consonants in parentheses are allophones of another consonant before another consonant or vowel, for example may palatalize to  before front vowels or, and  may assimilate to  before velar consonants.
 * The Proto-Slavic contrasts between and their palatalized counterparts has been lost phonetically in Lower Sorbian, with the marginal phonemes occurring only before certain vowels. The contrasts between  and their palatalized counterparts has evolved into a contrast between  and . The contrast between  and its palatalized counterpart has evolved into a contrast between  while the contrasts between  and their palatalized counterparts has remained intact and the contrasts between  and their palatalized counterparts no longer exists.
 * are alveolar, whereas are dental.
 * have been variously transcribed with ⟨t͡ʃ, ʃ, ʒ⟩ and ⟨t͡ʂ, ʂ, ʐ⟩. Their actual phonetic realization is flat postalveolar in all of the Lower Sorbian-speaking area. This is unlike in standard Upper Sorbian, where these are palato-alveolar.

Final devoicing and assimilation
Lower Sorbian has both final devoicing and regressive voicing assimilation:
 * dub "oak" is pronounced
 * susedka "(female) neighbor" is pronounced
 * licba "number" is pronounced

The hard postalveolar fricative is assimilated to  before :
 * šćit "protection" is pronounced

Vowels
The vowel inventory of Lower Sorbian is exactly the same as that of Upper Sorbian. It is also very similar to the vowel inventory of Slovene.


 * is retracted to after hard consonants.
 * are diphthongized to in slow speech.
 * The and  distinctions are weakened or lost in unstressed syllables.
 * is phonetically central.

Stress
Stress in Lower Sorbian normally falls on the first syllable of the word:


 * Łužyca "Lusatia"
 * pśijaśel "friend"
 * Chóśebuz "Cottbus"

In loanwords, stress may fall on any of the last three syllables:


 * internat "boarding school"
 * kontrola "control"
 * september "September"
 * policija "police"
 * organizacija "organization"

Most one-syllable prepositions attract the stress to themselves when they precede a noun or pronoun of one or two syllables:


 * na dwórje "on the courtyard"
 * pśi mnjo "near me"
 * do města "into the city" (the  of město  becomes  when unstressed)

However, nouns of three or more syllables retain their stress:


 * pśed wucabnikom "in front of the teacher"
 * na drogowanju "on a journey"

Orthography
The Sorbian alphabet is based on the Latin script but uses diacritics such as the acute accent and caron.

Sample
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lower Sorbian:

Wšykne luźe su lichotne roźone a jadnake po dostojnosći a pšawach. Woni maju rozym a wědobnosć a maju ze sobu w duchu bratšojstwa wobchadaś.

(All people are born free and equal in their dignity and rights. They are given reason and conscience and they shall create their relationships to one another according to the spirit of brotherhood.)

Czech-Lower Sorbian and Lower Sorbian-Czech

 * Slovník DolnoLužická Srbština <=> Čeština

German–Lower Sorbian

 * Deutsch-Niedersorbisches Wörterbuch at dolnoserbski.de
 * Korpus GENIE – GEsprochenes NIEdersorbisch/Wendisch

Lower Sorbian–German

 * Dolnoserbsko-nimske słowniki at dolnoserbski.de]
 * Lexikalische Übungen und Terminologie at the Universität Leipzig