Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 BC)

Lucius Marcius Philippus (born before 102 BC) was a politician and senator in the late Roman republic. He was governor of Syria from 61 to 60 and later served in the consulship of 56 BC. He was also step-father of the emperor Augustus.

Biography
and was the son of the consul in 91 BC and censor in 86 BC of the same name. He also had a brother, Quintus, who served as proconsul in Cilicia from 47 to 46 BC.

His first known office was that of praetor in the year 62 BC. After the organisation of Roman Syria, carved out as a province from the Selucid Empire by Pompey in 64 BC, it was governed by two propraetorian governors. Philippus was one of them. He succeeded Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, who had governed the province as Pompey's proquaestor pro praetore; Phillipus served there two years, from 61 through 60 BC.

Consulship
In 56 BC, he entered office as consul with Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus as his colleague. Before the two entered office, they supported putting Publius Clodius Pulcher on trial before elections for aedile; they had secured a senatorial decree to that effect, but after strenuous objections from Clodius' allies in the senate – including Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos (then-consul) and Gaius Porcius Cato (a tribune) – it was overruled amid demonstrations by Clodius' supporters. That year, Marcellinus engaged in vehement attacks on Caesar and Pompey, which Philippus supported. The consuls together opposed extension of Caesar's Gallic command and the aims of the so-called First Triumvirate and its members.

When Crassus and Pompey decided to stand for the consulship of 55 BC, Philippus and Marcellinus opposed them; "only by desperate postponement of the elections into the following year", coupled with strong-arm intimidation tactics and Caesar's sending of his men on leave to vote in Rome, were Crassus and Pompey able to overcome the considerable opposition to them and win election as consuls in late January 55 BC.

The next year, 54 BC, Philippus joined Clodius, Cicero, Milo, Pompey, and a number of other senior statesmen (including nine former consuls) in defending Marcus Aemilius Scaurus on charges of repetundae. Scaurus, calling on connections across the aristocracy – "no other trial in the republic evoked the participation of so many distinguished and diverse individuals" – was overwhelmingly acquitted.

Some time after 59 BC and probably also after his consulship in 56 BC, Philippus joined in a marriage alliance with Gaius Julius Caesar via his niece Atia. This marriage made him step-father to Octavia Minor and Gaius Octavius Thurinus (future Roman emperor Augustus).

Civil war
In 49 BC, tensions between Julius Caesar and the senate, led by Pompey, turned to open warfare. He was passed over for command by the anti-Caesarians in early January 49 BC due to his family connection to Caesar. When the Pompeians demanded all senators to vacate Italy and join them across the Adriatic, Philippus sought and received a "special dispensation" from Caesar to settle – possible outside Italy – as a neutral, which was "unlikely to have endeared him to the Pompeians".

After the assassination of Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC, Philippus' step-son Gaius Octavius returned to Italy and was met with news of his adoption in Caesar's will. Philippus cautiously advised him to reject the inheritance, but Octavius declared his acceptance, ushering him into political life.

During the short war between the senate, led by Cicero, and Mark Antony, the senate sent a peace embassy of three men, including Philippus, to Antony urging him to withdraw from Cisalpine Gaul and accept senatorial mediation under threat of war. Cicero criticised the dithering of the ultimatum in his Seventh Philippic and Antony's counter-demands were rejected, precipitating passage of a senatus consultum ultimum and declaration of a state of emergency. The war ended in senatorial defeat: after the senate's armies (led by the two consuls and Octavian) defeated Antony at the Battle of Mutina, Octavian assumed command in place of the consuls, who had died in battle, and allied with Antony against the senate to establish the Second Triumvirate.

Atia died during summer 43 BC; The Philippus that married Atia's sister was in fact his son, the consul suffectus of 38 BC.

Family
Philippus had a son, Lucius Marcius Philippus, and a daughter, Marcia. His son married his step-mother's sister Atia and later became suffect consul in 38 BC and then proconsul for Spain; his daughter married Cato the Younger and Quintus Hortensius.