Lullabies of Armenia

The Armenian lullaby is significant for its historical, cultural, and linguistic aspect beyond its purpose of comfort and serving as a bridge to sleep. Influenced in part by their region of origin, Armenian lullabies are characterized by a lightness in melody and the rhythm of simple, repeated phrases that mimic the sound of the rocking cradle. Often, the lyrics also reflect the mother’s griefs and concerns.

Regional variations
In Armenia there are hundreds of lullabies in the oral tradition, which originated in countless towns and villages across the Armenian high plateau. Historically these lullabies varied subtly between villages, towns, and regions. There are melodic and phrasing differences between lullabies from Van and Moush (in Western Armenia, traditionally the heart of the Armenian homeland) to Talish (near Yerevan) to Kessab (near the Mediterranean Sea, now in Syria) to Trebizond (on the coast of the Black Sea).

Listening quietly to an Armenian lullaby, one begins to discern the cadence of a word: oror, oror (rock, rock). Chanted over and over in almost every lullaby, the oror mimics the sound of the thing it represents, the to and fro of the cradle endlessly rocking. The word for "lullaby", or "rocking", can change from oror to heyroor in some regions, and in other regions, to nannik, loorik, nenni, roorik, or nana. Near Yerevan, in the Ararat plains, one can hear all of these versions, a hint at the speaker’s region of origin and social status.

Themes
Most Armenian lullabies are traditional village lullabies, created and sung and passed down by village women. The content of many of the lullabies gives them the quality of a soliloquy, sung by women to themselves — domestic asides that reveal much about Armenian folklore and daily life. Many Armenian lullabies express yearning, disappointment, longing for a former lover or a husband who has emigrated, or the desire for personal or historical revenge, which are inculcated in the sleeping child.

In Armenian manuscripts, the nativity scene depicts Mary lying in a cave next to a wooden box holding the Christ child. Many believed an angel stood at the foot of the cradle, protecting the child from evil forces. Armenian lullabies often contain invocations to God, the Holy Mother and cross, Saint Sargis, Saint Karapet, and others. In the lullaby Taroni Oror (Lullaby of Taron; Taron is a region in eastern Anatolia including the towns of Moush and Sassoun), the mother sings "I tie a charm to your neck", likely part of a ritual protecting the infant from demons.

Example in Armenian
«Օրօր Իմ Բալաս», traditional Armenian lullaby, as arranged by Parsegh Ganatchian (1885-1967)

Examples translated into English
Also remarkable are three lullabies from vastly different regions — Talish, Van, and Sassoun — in which the mother describes her child as being suckled by a deer:


 * With small leaves I will cover you
 * The wild deer will give you milk
 * But she has no heart
 * And will give you little milk
 * The sun is your father
 * The moon is your mother
 * And the tree is your cradle.

(From Talishi Oror (Lullaby of Talish), Armenian Lullabies, Hasmik Harutyunyan.)

The Armenian lullaby envelops shards of the folktale and myth. The dreamlike quality of these lullabies helps to create a mythical world and origin for the child. They are filled with natural elements personified — stars, the sun and moon as playmates and parents, and the wind rocking the child:


 * The south wind rocks you back and forth
 * Let the stars converse with you
 * And the sun and moon calm you
 * The wild deer will offer its milk
 * Sleep, sleep.

(From Nani Bala (Sleep, My Child), Armenian Lullabies, Hasmik Harutyunyan.)

Armenian lullabies of the modern era, from the Urban Folk genre, include Ari, Im Sokhak (Come, My Nightingale), Anush Knik (Sweet Sleep), and Nazei Oror (Lullaby of Naze), the latter telling of the horrors of the Armenian genocide:


 * The caravan passed
 * With a burden of tears
 * And in the black desert
 * Fell to its knees
 * Exhausted
 * Ah, with the pain of the world
 * Don’t cry
 * I have already shed many tears
 * My milk has frozen
 * On your lifeless lips
 * I know it is bitter
 * My child
 * And you don’t want it
 * Ah, my milk has become
 * The taste of my grief
 * Don’t cry
 * I have already shed many tears.

(From Nazei Oror (Lullaby of Naze), Armenian Lullabies, Hasmik Harutyunyan, lyrics by Avetis Aharonian .)