M56 motorway

The M56 motorway serves the Cheshire and Greater Manchester areas of England. It runs east to west from junction 4 of the M60 at Gatley, south of Manchester, to Dunkirk, approximately 4 mi north of Chester. With a length of 33.3 mi, it connects North Wales and the Wirral peninsula with much of the rest of North West England, serves business and commuter traffic heading towards Manchester, particularly that from the wider Cheshire area, and provides the main road access to Manchester Airport from the national motorway network.

Between junctions 9 and 16, the motorway forms part of the unsigned European route E22 on its route in the UK between Holyhead in Anglesey and Immingham in Lincolnshire.

Route
Although the main line of the motorway starts as a continuation of the A5103 Princess Parkway, the M56 begins on the Sharston Spur (also known as the Sharston Bypass) where it leaves the M60 motorway at its junction 4 (clockwise exit and anticlockwise entry), adjacent to where the slip roads for the A34 to and from Manchester merge and diverge. After passing through junctions 1 and 2, the spur joins the main line at junction 3, increasing the motorway from two lanes to four in each direction.

The motorway then heads south to the west of Wythenshawe and Manchester Airport until it reaches junction 6, where it turns west before crossing into Cheshire at the River Bollin underbridge. It runs to the south of Hale before reaching junctions 7 and 8 which are part of the same interchange complex. Junction 8 was planned to be used by the proposed A556(M), but is now a single 270-degree loop between the southbound onslip from Bowdon roundabout to the westbound carriageway since the A556 towards the M6 motorway was upgraded to dual carriageway in 2017. Traffic destined for the southbound M6 is directed to leave here (because there are no corresponding slip roads at its own junction) and so the junction can suffer from congestion. Traffic levels on the mainline drop significantly as the motorway begins to assume a more traditional feel (three lanes and a hard shoulder per direction) whilst passing between Broomedge and High Legh.

After meeting the M6 at junction 9, the motorway passes south of Appleton Thorn and Stretton before reaching the outskirts of Runcorn at junction 11, near to where it also crosses over the Bridgewater Canal and the West Coast Main Line. On the other side of the town lies junction 12, whose northern roundabout morphed into a signalised hamburger junction when the Mersey Gateway bridge was built. The concrete multi-span Weaver Viaduct (crossing both the river and its navigation course) immediately follows junction 12 and offers views of the town of Frodsham and its railway viaduct, along with the INEOS chemical plant and Rocksavage Power Station on the opposite side. Between junctions 12 and 14, it runs parallel to the River Mersey, Manchester Ship Canal, a 400kV overhead power line and the Chester-Warrington railway. After meeting the M53 motorway, the road finally returns to two lanes, it proceeds between Chester to the south and Ellesmere Port to its termination at Dunkirk, Cheshire, where it becomes the A494.

Traffic destined for North Wales can use either the M53 or the A494 to reach the A55.

The motorway is fully lit between the M60 and junction 6 (including all of its spurs) along with the junctions with both the M6 and M53.

There are two motorway service areas on the M56: Chester (operated by Roadchef) and Lymm (operated by Moto, which is also accessible from the M6).

History
The first proposal for a motorway across north Cheshire was mooted in 1947 in a report commissioned by Cheshire County Council, with a line for the route of the motorway being agreed in 1958 between the council and the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation. The first section, announced in November 1963 by the transport minister Ernest Marples, was a southwards extension of the Princess Parkway from Wythenshawe in Manchester to the A56 and A556 at Bowdon which entered the Trunk Road Programme for 1967/1968. Construction began in 1968, and the motorway opened in stages between 1971 and 1981:

Proposals existed for an extension into North Wales across the proposed Dee Barrage, but these have never materialised.

The carriageway between junctions 4 and 6 was widened from the original dual three-lane configuration to dual four lanes during the 1990s as part of a nationwide motorway widening programme first proposed in the 1989 Roads to Prosperity white paper. Junction 5 became a lane drop/gain in both directions whereas junction 4 was reconfigured from a two-bridge roundabout to a signalised half-diamond with a single bridge.

Prior to 2008, the western end of the motorway terminated at a roundabout on the A5117. Work began in 2006 to grade-separate this junction (and others) to allow free-flowing traffic between the motorway and the A550 at Deeside in North Wales, meaning that the mainline motorway no longer connects to the roundabout (it meets the extended A494 head-on 235 m east), with the former eastbound carriageway retained as an on-slip.

Wythenshawe to Gatley
Junctions 1 to 3. The route was fixed in April 1970. The contract for the western section was given in February 1973 to Peter Lind & Company for £1,245,700. The eastern section contract, for around £5million, was given to Leonard Fairclough & Son in December 1971. The western section opened in May 1975, and the eastern section opened in March 1974.

Bowdon to Wythenshawe
Junctions 3a to 7, 7 mi. The route was fixed in early April 1968, to start at the end of 1968. The contract was given at the end of July 1969, for £6,727,920 to Holland, Hannen & Cubitts. It opened in January 1972. The tensioned central reservation barrier was made by Hill & Smith of Brierley Hill, then in Staffordshire.

Preston Brook to Bowdon
Junctions 7 to 11, 11 mi. The draft route was announced December 1969 by Fred Mulley. The inquiry was at Stockton Heath in July 1970. The route was fixed in September 1971 by Peter Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester. In October 1972, contracts were given by Graham Page for £6.3million to Marples Ridgway for Preston Brook to Lymm, and to Robert McGregor & Sons for 5.2 mi from Lymm to Bowdon for £4.65million. The Croft Interchange (junction 9), with the M6, took up 180 acre of land. Bowdon to Lymm (7 to 9) opened in December 1974. Preston Brook to Lymm (9 to 11) was opened in July 1975 by Gordon Oakes; the section should have opened in the autumn of 1974, but was held up by bad weather.

Hapsford to Preston Brook
Junctions 11 to 14, 8 mi. The 200 ft bridge over the Chester–Warrington line, at Clifton, was built with PTFE joints and rolled into place in October 1968, known as incremental launch; it was built by Leonard Fairclough & Son, and designed by Husband & Company. The contract for the Hapsford to Preston Brook section was given on in November 1968, for £6.07million to Christiani-Shand, for 8miles to take 24months, and to be finished by December 1970, with main work started in December 1968. Hapsford to Sutton Weaver (12 to 14) opened in February 1971 at 11am. The A557 to Preston Brook (11 to 12), 3 mi, opened in September 1971.

Lea-by-Backford to Hapsford
Junctions 14 to 16. Plans were extended eastwards 6 mi to Lea-by-Backford. It had originally been planned as a trunk road corridor, that was belatedly upgraded to be built as a motorway, and the western section had only two lanes, much like a trunk road. The first two were contracts awarded in February 1978. The last contract of the M56 from Stoak to Lea-by-Backford was awarded in September 1978. The contract for the southerly M531 to Hoole had not yet been given.

The last section was started October 1978 by Alfred McAlpine. Percy Bilton Ltd of Stone, Staffordshire, built the Stoak Interchange itself. The M56 section opened in March 1981. The section from Stoak to Lea-by-Backford was two-lane only. The one-mile section of the two-lane M531 from the A5117 south to the M56 Stoak Interchange, was also opened on 18 March 1981, being built by Leonard Fairclough & Son. The M531 would become the M53, when it fully opened in 1982. This £18million section was three months late, as construction of the Stoak Interchange had caused the hold up. Hapsford to east of Stoak cost £5.42million; the Stoak Interchange cost £4.84million; Stoak to Lea-by-Backford cost £4.32million. The M531 from Little Stanney to Stoak cost £3.46million. The final section of the M531 was to open in 1982, from south of Stoak to the A56 near Chester, built by Monk. The M531 was originally planned to be extended to cross the Chester bypass, and terminate on the A41 at Upton-by-Chester, west of Hoole. The M531 extension was planned to open mid-July 1982; the remaining 2.5 mi M531 section opened in July 1982, costing £14million.

This contains the only section of the motorway paved with concrete, between junctions 15 and 16. Where it crosses the floodplain of the River Gowy, the carriageway sits on an embankment made of sandstone from a special-purpose quarry, which was constructed to replace existing peat deposits. The junction with the M53 at Stoak was also included in the construction contracts. The M53 Mid Wirral Motorway was mostly built in 1971; it was originally planned to terminate on the A41 at Great Sutton, with a continuation of the Chester bypass to cross an east-west trunk dual carriageway, east of the present western terminus of the M56.

Junctions
{| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" !scope=col|Ceremonial county !scope=col|Location !scope=col|mi !scope=col|km !scope=col|Junction !scope=col|Destinations !scope=col|Notes – Manchester city centre, Didsbury – Manchester city centre, Liverpool, Bolton – Northwich, – Birmingham – Warrington, Appleton, Knutsford – Northwich – Chester – Ellesmere Port
 * rowspan="7" |Greater Manchester
 * rowspan="5" |Wythenshawe
 * 0
 * 0
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |1
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" | – Stockport, Sheffield, Leeds
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" | – Stockport, Sheffield, Leeds
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |Exits to M60 Eastbound and A34 Northbound only Entrance from M60 Westbound and A34 southbound only
 * 1.2
 * 1.9
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |2
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" | – Wythenshawe, Cheadle, Wilmslow, Altrincham, Baguley
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |No Eastbound exit or Westbound entrance
 * 1.9
 * 3.1
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |3
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" | – Stockport, Didsbury, Sheffield, Leeds
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |No Northbound entrance or Southbound exit Small spur going to junction 3a
 * colspan="2" |—
 * 3a
 * – Altrincham, Wythenshawe, Cheadle
 * colspan="2" |—
 * 3a
 * – Altrincham, Wythenshawe, Cheadle
 * 2.8
 * 4.5
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |4
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |Sharston, Newall Green
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |No Southbound entrance or Northbound exit
 * rowspan="2" |Hale Barns
 * 3.4
 * 5.4
 * 5
 * – Manchester Airport
 * 4.3
 * 6.9
 * 6
 * – Wilmslow, Hale, Macclesfield
 * rowspan="8" |Cheshire
 * Bowdon
 * 7.9
 * 12.8
 * 7
 * – Lymm, Altrincham
 * rowspan="8" |Cheshire
 * Bowdon
 * 7.9
 * 12.8
 * 7
 * – Lymm, Altrincham
 * – Lymm, Altrincham
 * rowspan="2" |Warrington
 * 13.2
 * 21.2
 * 9
 * – Birmingham, Preston, Leeds, Manchester
 * 9
 * – Birmingham, Preston, Leeds, Manchester
 * 16.3
 * 26.2
 * 10
 * – Whitchurch, Warrington
 * 10
 * – Whitchurch, Warrington
 * rowspan="2" |Runcorn
 * 19.3
 * 31.1
 * 11
 * – Northwich, Warrington
 * 22.3
 * 35.8
 * 12
 * – Frodsham, Runcorn
 * rowspan="3" |Ellesmere Port
 * 27.4
 * 44.2
 * 14
 * – Helsby, Frodsham, Stanlow
 * 30.6
 * 49.3
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |15
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" | – Chester, Wrexham, Ellesmere Port, Birkenhead
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |No Eastbound exits or Westbound entrances
 * 34.0
 * 54.8
 * 16
 * – Queensferry
 * 49.3
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |15
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" | – Chester, Wrexham, Ellesmere Port, Birkenhead
 * bgcolor="ffdddd" |No Eastbound exits or Westbound entrances
 * 34.0
 * 54.8
 * 16
 * – Queensferry
 * – Queensferry


 * Coordinate list

{| border=1 cellpadding=2 style="margin-left:1em; margin-bottom: 1em; color: black; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" (Sharston Spur)'' (TOTSO EB) Lymm A56 Lymm Truck Stop Services Lymm Truck Stop Chester services Services Chester services Non-motorway traffic Road continues as A494  towards North Wales'' ! colspan=5 | Princess Parkway Spur Road continues as A5103  towards Manchester'' (Princess Parkway Spur)'' ! colspan=5 | Airport Spur Wilmslow, Wythenshawe A555   (B5166), Business Park, Terminal 3 Terminal 1 , (Airport Spur)'' Data from driver location signs is used to provide distance information.
 * - align="center" bgcolor="#0079C1" style="color: white;font-size:120%;"
 * colspan="5" | M56 motorway junctions
 * - align="center" bgcolor="000000" style="color: white"
 * mile
 * km
 * Eastbound exits (B Carriageway)
 * Junction
 * Westbound exits (A Carriageway)
 * - align="center"
 * Motorway merges onto M60  continuing towards Stockport
 * M60 J4
 * ''Start of motorway
 * Motorway merges onto M60  continuing towards Stockport
 * M60 J4
 * ''Start of motorway
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * Manchester City Centre, Didsbury A34
 * J1
 * No access (on-slip only)
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * No access (on-slip only)
 * J2
 * Altrincham, Wythenshawe A560, Liverpool  (M62) , Bolton  (M61)   (M60)
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * Manchester City Centre, (M60(N&W)),  (M62(W)) ,  (M61)   (A5103)
 * J3
 * Altrincham, Wythenshawe A560, Liverpool  (M62) , Bolton  (M61)   (M60)
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * Manchester City Centre, (M60(N&W)),  (M62(W)) ,  (M61)   (A5103)
 * J3
 * Manchester City Centre, (M60(N&W)),  (M62(W)) ,  (M61)   (A5103)
 * J3
 * No access (on-slip only)
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * 7.2
 * 11.6
 * No access (on-slip only)
 * J4
 * Wythenshawe
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * 7.8
 * 12.6
 * Manchester
 * J5
 * Manchester, Quarry Bank Mill
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * 8.9
 * 14.3
 * Hale, Wilmslow, Macclesfield A538
 * J6
 * Wilmslow, Hale, Macclesfield, Manchester Airport Freight Terminal A538
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * style=background:skyblue | Entering Greater Manchester
 * rowspan=2 |
 * River Bollin
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * River Bollin
 * style=background:skyblue | Entering Cheshire
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * 12.4
 * 19.9
 * Northwich A556, Altrincham  A56
 * J7
 * Birmingham (M6(S)), Northwich  A556 ,
 * 19.9
 * Northwich A556, Altrincham  A56
 * J7
 * Birmingham (M6(S)), Northwich  A556 ,
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * No access
 * J8
 * No access (on-slip only)
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * 17.6
 * 28.3
 * Preston, Birmingham M6, Leeds, Manchester (N)  (M62) , Lymm  (A50)
 * 28.3
 * Preston, Birmingham M6, Leeds, Manchester (N)  (M62) , Lymm  (A50)
 * J9
 * Preston M6, Liverpool  (M62) , Warrington, Lymm  (A50)
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * 20.8
 * 33.4
 * Warrington, Northwich A49
 * J10
 * Northwich, Warrington A49
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * 23.8
 * 38.3
 * Runcorn (East), Warrington A56
 * J11
 * Preston Brook, Daresbury A56
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * 26.8
 * 43.1
 * Liverpool, Runcorn, Widnes A557
 * J12
 * Liverpool, Frodsham, Runcorn, Widnes A557
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * colspan=3 | Weaver Viaduct
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * 31.9
 * 51.4
 * Stanlow, Helsby A5117
 * 51.4
 * Stanlow, Helsby A5117
 * J14
 * Helsby, Stanlow, Chester Zoo   A5117
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * 34.5
 * 55.6
 * No access (on-slip only)
 * rowspan=2| J15
 * Chester, Wrexham M53
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * No access (on-slip only)
 * Ellesmere Port, Birkenhead M53
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * Start of motorway UK motorway symbol.svg
 * rowspan=2|J16
 * No access
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * Ellesmere Port A5117, Whitchurch  (A41)
 * rowspan=2|J16
 * No access
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * Ellesmere Port A5117, Whitchurch  (A41)
 * Ellesmere Port A5117, Whitchurch  (A41)
 * Ellesmere Port A5117, Whitchurch  (A41)
 * ''End of motorway Mauritius Road Signs - Information Sign - End of Motorway.svg
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * ''End of motorway Mauritius Road Signs - Information Sign - End of Motorway.svg
 * ''End of motorway Mauritius Road Signs - Information Sign - End of Motorway.svg
 * ''End of motorway Mauritius Road Signs - Information Sign - End of Motorway.svg
 * rowspan=2| J3A
 * Sharston, Altrincham, Baguley A560
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * Altrincham, Wythenshawe, Wythenshawe UK traffic sign 827.2.svg, Cheadle A560
 * ''Start of motorway
 * Altrincham, Wythenshawe, Wythenshawe UK traffic sign 827.2.svg, Cheadle A560
 * ''Start of motorway
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * End of motorway Mauritius Road Signs - Information Sign - End of Motorway.svg
 * End of motorway Mauritius Road Signs - Information Sign - End of Motorway.svg
 * End of motorway Mauritius Road Signs - Information Sign - End of Motorway.svg
 * UK traffic sign 543.svg
 * ''Start of motorway
 * - style="text-align:center;"
 * Terminal 2
 * No access (on-slip only)
 * Terminal 2
 * No access (on-slip only)
 * No access (on-slip only)

Junction 7 slip closures
At junction 7 in July 2009, the slip road letting traffic come in southbound along the M56 and turn onto the A556 southbound was closed while the bridge where it crosses the M56 (the Bowdon View Bridge), which for many years had had a weight restriction, was worked on; traffic intending to use it had to carry on to junction 10 and there turn round, or go through the centre of Altrincham; traffic for the nearby Tatton Park Flower Show, and the resulting closure to through traffic of the minor road along the southwest edge of Tatton Park from Ashley, Cheshire to Mere, Cheshire (which would otherwise have acted as a bypass for people living in the area), added to the resulting congestion.

In October and November 2010, the bridge was demolished and replaced.

Thorley Lane bridge replacement
On Saturday 28 February and Sunday 1 March 2015, the new concrete girders of the Thorley Lane bridge a little north of Manchester Airport were put in. (The old bridge was demolished because it was found to be cracking.) The M56 was closed over that weekend for this. This caused much traffic congestion from M56 traffic diverted through Altrincham and Wythenshawe and along Styal Road and Kingsway, starting on Thursday 26 March because of work putting cones on the carriageway.

Junction J6 to J8 Smart Motorway
The government announced in August 2015 that the motorway between junctions 6 and 8 would be upgraded to a smart motorway as part of its Northern Powerhouse strategy; work began in 2020 and was completed in early 2023, originally anticipated for late 2021. The project will with the exception of the slip roads at the airport junction give the motorway four running lanes on each carriageway between junctions 6 and 8, with an already existing standard motorway with 4 lanes from junction 6 to junction 3. As the work on the lanes is finished, the temporary speed limit was increased to 60mph in March 2023, with all lanes open. The 70mph national speed limit was to be reapplied when National Highways systems finished final commissioning work.

Junction 11a
There was also to be a new junction 11a at Runcorn between the existing junctions 11 and 12 to relieve heavy congestion on this stretch and serve the new Mersey Gateway bridge. However, this project was cancelled by Highways England in Spring 2020 as it didn't represent value for money.

M56 corridor
"The M56 corridor" is a term used by estate agents and social geographers to describe what is considered to be a relatively affluent area of North West England, within easy reach of the M56. The area includes the cities of Manchester and Chester, and commuter towns and villages in rural Cheshire. It also includes Warrington and Runcorn, where the chemical and pharmaceutical industries are prominent.