Magnus von Levetzow

Magnus Otto Bridges von Levetzow (8 January 1871 – 13 March 1939) was a German naval officer who rose to the rank of Konteradmiral. He became a Nazi Party politician and served as the Police President of Berlin from 1933 to 1935.

Early life
Levetzow was born to an aristocratic family in Flensburg in 1871, and was taught by private tutors at the family estate in Gravenstein (today, Gråsten, Denmark) until 1880. He then attended gymnasia in Roskilde and Copenhagen until 1885, then the Johanneum in Hamburg until 1889.

Imperial German Navy career
On 13 April 1889 Levetzow joined the Imperial German Navy as an officer cadet. In 1893 he passed the naval officer examination and embarked upon a long naval career. In the following six years he was employed as a ship's officer in domestic and overseas waters. From 1899 to 1901 he was the adjutant at the Wilhelmshaven naval base. From 1900 to 1902 he attended the German Imperial Naval Academy at Kiel, and from 1903 to 1906 he served at the Imperial Admiralty in Berlin. From 1906 he was assigned to the High Seas Fleet as a navigation officer, serving aboard SMS Wittelsbach, SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Braunschweig. From 1909 to 1912 Levetzow was a staff officer at the High Seas Fleet command, and then received the command of the light cruiser SMS Stralsund. At the end of January 1913, he was promoted to Kapitän zur See and appointed commander of the battle cruiser SMS Moltke.

Levetzow commanded Moltke through the first two years of the First World War and participated in many major naval engagements. He took part in the German raids on Yarmouth and Hartlepool (November and December 1914), the Battle of Dogger Bank (January 1915) and the Battle of the Gulf of Riga (August 1915). In 1916 Levetzow was appointed Chief of Operations of the High Seas Fleet staff and was involved in the planning for the Battle of Jutland. In 1917 he was awarded the Pour le Mérite for his role in planning Operation Albion, an amphibious landing in the Baltic Islands. In 1918 he was promoted to Kommodore and commanded the 2nd Reconnaissance Group of the High Seas Fleet. In August 1918, Levetzow was appointed Chief of Staff of the Naval Command under Admiral Reinhard Scheer.

In October 1918, Levetzow was involved in the decision to order the High Seas Fleet to attack the British Grand Fleet. Large parts of the crews refused this order, sensing the futility of such an action in view of the impending German defeat. The arrests of the sailors who tried to prevent the fleet from leaving port led to the Kiel Mutiny, which triggered the November Revolution.

Weimar Republic
After the end of the war, Levetzow remained in the service at the newly formed Reichsmarine. In January 1920, he was promoted to Konteradmiral and placed in command of the Baltic Sea naval station in Kiel. During the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch in March 1920, he supported the putschists and gave orders to immediately arrest Reich President Friedrich Ebert and Reich Minister of Defense Gustav Noske if they arrived in Kiel. After the putsch failed, he was arrested in Lütjenburg, held in custody for a short time and then forced into retirement from the Reichsmarine in October 1920.

From 1924 to 1926, Levetzow worked for the Junkers airline. A committed monarchist, he sought the restoration of the exiled Kaiser Wilhelm II and became politically active in  monarchist and conservative causes. As an opponent of the Versailles Treaty and the payment of war reparations, in 1929 Levetzow took part in organizing the referendum against the Young Plan. In 1931 Levetzow joined the Nazi Party and, in the 1932 German presidential election, he supported Adolf Hitler over the incumbent Paul von Hindenburg. Levetzow typified the conservative aristocrats who, due to their fierce opposition to the liberal democratic Weimar Republic, joined forces with the Nazis. In the election of July 1932, Levetzow was elected as a deputy to the Reichstag on the Nazi Party electoral list. He would be reelected in November 1932 and March 1933.

Nazi Germany
On 15 February 1933, two weeks after the Nazi seizure of power, Levetzow was appointed Police President of the Berlin police in place of Kurt Melcher by Reichskommissar for the Prussian Interior Ministry, Hermann Göring. In this post, Levetzow played a key role in purging the Berlin police of Nazi opponents and in setting up the Gestapo under Rudolf Diels. In addition, he was involved in plans for establishing the Columbia concentration camp in Berlin to imprison opponents of the regime in the spring of 1933. On 15 November 1933 Göring, now Prussian Minister President, appointed Levetzow to the recently reconstituted Prussian State Council.

Levetzow was an opponent of lawless violence and antisemitism, and often came into conflict with the more radical Berlin Sturmabteilung (SA) leadership, as well as with Berlin Gauleiter Joseph Goebbels who had been trying to have him replaced since from at least November 1934. On 13 July 1935, the Party publicized an incident in which Jewish patrons booed a film with antisemitic themes at a Berlin movie theater. Goebbels' propaganda newspaper, Der Angriff organized a counter-demonstration for 15 July and invited public participation. That evening the so-called "Kurfürstendamm riots" took place, in which 200 Nazis vandalized Jewish-owned businesses and randomly and violently assaulted Jews on the street and in cafes along the fashionable thoroughfare. This attracted much international condemnation and Goebbels, who had helped instigate the outburst of violence, skillfully deflected the responsibility onto Levetzow, whom Der Angriff blamed for a failure to maintain public order. On 19 July 1935, Levetzow was removed from the post of Police President and replaced by Potsdam Police Chief Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff, who until March had been the commander of the SA in the Berlin-Brandenburg area.

Though Levetzow retained his seat on the Prussian State Council, he played no prominent role in government. He returned to the aircraft industry, managing the Berlin office of the Bremen-based Weser Flugzeugbau aircraft manufacturing company. He died in Berlin in March 1939.