Magoroh Maruyama

Magoroh Maruyama (April 29, 1929 – March 16, 2018) was a Japanese/American business educator, consultant and researcher, best known for his contributions to cybernetics.

Biography
Maruyama was born in 1929 in Tokyo, Japan, son of Shinsaku Maruyama and Toyoko (Takashima) Maruyama, and moved to the United States in 1950. He received his B.A. from the University of California at Berkeley in 1951. After postgraduate studies at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the University of Heidelberg, he obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Lund in Sweden.

Maruyama started his academic career as assistant professor in human development at the University of California at Berkeley in 1960. Among his many academic appointments he was professor for Systems Science at Portland State University from 1973 to 1976. He was also Professor in the School of International Politics, Economics and Communication at Aoyama Gakuin University in Japan and was on the faculty of Stanford University, Brandeis University, Antioch College, the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the University of Illinois.

Work
Magoroh Maruyama is the author of over a hundred publications. The subjects of his research include cybernetics, systems science, philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, anthropology, sociology, social change, business management, architectural design and urban planning. He has been consulting companies and institutions such as NASA, the US Department of Commerce and the US Department of Interior in the United States, the OECD, Volvo and Michelin in Europe, the MITI of Japan, the City of Baghdad, the Government of Ivory Coast and Federal Motors of Indonesia.

His highly cited paper from 1963 "The second cybernetics: Deviation-amplifying mutual causal processes" describes a theory of increase of heterogeneity by causal loops.

Publications
Some of Maruyama's best known publications are:


 * Maruyama, Magoroh. "Morphogenesis and morphostasis." Methodos 12.48 (1960): 251-296.
 * Maruyama, Magoroh. "The second cybernetics: Deviation-amplifying mutual causal processes." American scientist 51.2 (1963): 164-179.
 * Maruyama, Magoroh. "Paradigmatology and its Application to Cross‐Disciplinary, Cross‐Professional and Cross‐Cultural Communication." Dialectica 28.3‐4 (1974): 135-196.
 * Maruyama, Magoroh. "Heterogenistics and morphogenetics." Theory and society 5.1 (1978): 75-96.
 * Maruyama, Magoroh, Beals, K.L. & Bharati, A. "Mindscapes and Science Theories [and Comments and Reply]." Current anthropology 21.5 (1980): 589-608.
 * Maruyama, Magoroh. "Alternative concepts of management: Insights from Asia and Africa." Asia Pacific Journal of Management 1.2 (1984): 100-111.
 * Maruyama, Magoroh (editor). "Context and Complexity: cultivating contextual understanding". New York: Springer-Verlag. 1991.