Mahasu Devta Temple

Mahasu Devta Temple (Mahasui: 𑚢𑚩𑚭𑚨𑚱 𑚛𑚲𑚦𑚙𑚭 𑚢𑚫𑚛𑚮𑚤, महासू देवता मंदिर), is located on the Tyuni-Mori road at Hanol, Dehradun district, Uttarakhand, India and was built in the 9th century. The temple is dedicated to Mahasu Devta. The temple was constructed in the Kath-Kuni or Koti-Banal style of architecture and is included in the Archaeological Survey of India's list of the ancient temple in the Dehradun circle, Uttarakhand. Mahasu Devta Temple is on the eastern bank of Tons River (Tamas) at Hanol village, near Chakrata, about 190 km from Dehradun, 156 km from Mussoorie and about 140 km from Shimla.

About Mahasu Devta
The worship of Mahasu was originally evolved from time to time in the Himalayan region. He was worshipped with different forms and different names in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand he is regarded as Mahasu,in Jammu and Kashmir he is regarded as Mahesh, while in Nepal he is regarded as Masto. Which states that an ancient active cult dedicated to a deity was present at the Western Himalayan region and also at the Eastern Himalayan region. But slowly it changed and evolved itself time to time. The Mahasu or Masto worship was probably originated from the worship of Mazda deity (a supreme Indo-Iranian deity) when the Indo-Iranian people migrated towards the Himalayan regions they worshipped their deity Mazda. Overly time to time the Mazda religion began to change itself in the Himalayan region thus creating cults of Masto,Mahasu and Mahesh. Due to heavy influence of Shaivism in the Himalayan regions the Masto gods became sons of Shiva, while Mahasu and Mahesh became names of Shiva. In the deitydom, Mahasu Devta is not only the sole arbiter over the mortals, he also reigns supreme over the innumerable indigenous gods and goddesses. He exercises his authority over the religious dispensation of people and secular matters. Disputes among the people are settled through a unique LotaPani adjuration. For this purpose water is ritually filled in a metallic goblet in the name of Mahasu Devta by a neutral person, then the disputants are asked to drink that water in the name of Mahasu Devta. The party who has given the false statement suffers on drinking the water.

The age-old theocratic governance of Mahasu Devta, although acceptable to people and local rulers, was not taken kindly by the British authority. One of their officers, Major Young, found the authority of Mahasu Devta 'a great nuisance'. During land settlement of the territory under the British control in AD 1827 he felt that the traditional twelve-year sojourning of Mahasu (the Chalda Mahasu) with his large entourage to deitydom was extremely burdensome and exploitative to common people. To check the practice, Young passed a summary order in Kalsi in an assembly of the Senyanas banishing the Chalda Mahasu and his deputy attendants (birs) from Jaunsar and Bawar Parangna. That order, however, did not have lasting effect because the people regarded the Rohru tehsil for his verdict. The deity decision is always regarded as final and irrevocable.

Mahasu Devta is very touchy about the disposal of gold or gold ornaments by anyone of his subject to outsiders. The person involved in such offence may suffer the loss of property, a serious disease, or even life until he gets it back intact. However, that does not absolve the defaulter from the crime. As a punishment the defaulter is obliged to deposit the article in the treasury of deity. Therefore, the people in the deitydom have to be very careful about the transaction of silver and gold articles outside his realm. It is believed that the bullion in the Mahasudom, even if in the possession of people, belongs to the deity. If such gold goes outside his deitydom the person doing so provokes the ire of Mahasu Devta.

Legends
Mahasu Devta appears in quadruple form as the four brothers. There are many legends regarding Mahasu. The most famous of these is the story of how the Mahasu brothers came from Kashmir to the place they now rule. The legend tells when Krishna disappeared at the end of Dvapara Yuga, the Pandavas followed him. They cross the River Tons. Yudhishtra was fascinated by the beauty of place and asked Vishwakarma to build a temple here and stay with Draupadi for nine days. The place subsequently came to known as Hanol, after the name of Huna Bhatt.

At the start of Kali Yuga, demons wandered over Uttarakhand devouring people and devastating villages. The greatest demon was Kirmir who had devoured all the seven sons of a pious-hearted Brahmin named Huna Bhatt. Demon cast an evil eye and desired to have the Kirtaka wife of the Brahmin; she prayed to Lord Shiva to protect her chastity. Lord Shiva blinded Kirmir and thus she could run away to her husband. They then prayed to Hatkeshwari Devi of Hatkoti (ashtbhuji Durga) who advised the couple to go to the Kashmir mountains and offer prayer to Lord Shiva to help. They did, and Lord Shiva granted them their wish that all the evils will be killed shortly. The story of Huna Bhatt and the Mahasu brothers is fascinating! Let me provide some context and details about Mahasu Devta and the events you mentioned.

Mahasu Devta Temple:

The Mahasu Devta Temple is located on the Tyuni-Mori road at Hanol in the Dehradun district of Uttarakhand, India. It was built in the 9th century. The temple is dedicated to Mahasu Devta, a revered deity in the region. The architectural style of the temple is Kath-Kuni (also known as Koti-Banal), and it is included in the Archaeological Survey of India’s list of ancient temples in the Dehradun. Mahasu Devta is not only an arbiter over mortals but also reigns supreme over numerous indigenous gods and goddesses. Disputes among people are settled through a unique ritual called LotaPani adjuration. Water is ritually filled in a metallic goblet in the name of Mahasu Devta, and disputants are asked to drink that water. The party giving a false statement suffers when drinking the water. The British authorities found the traditional twelve-year sojourn of Mahasu (the Chalda Mahasu) with his entourage burdensome and exploitative to common people during land settlement in the territory under their control in 18271. The Story of Huna Bhatt and the Mahasu Brothers:

Huna Bhatt, a god-fearing Brahmin, faced trouble when the demon Kirmir cast an evil desire on his wife. Seeking protection, the couple prayed to Lord Shiva and performed holy rituals. In response, Mahasu Devata brothers were created: Vasik, Pavasi , Gudaru , Shedkudiya , Chalda and Botha. Huna Bhatt was instructed to plow his field every Sunday with a solid silver plow and a pure gold shoe, yoking a pair of bullocks that had never been put on a yoke before. On the sixth Sunday, as Huna Bhatt plowed the field, the Mahasu brothers emerged Vasik Mahasu Botha Mahasu Pavasi Mahasu Gudaru Mahasu Shedkudiya Mahasu Chalda Mahasu These Six Dev brothers are collectively known as Mahasu, Though there is an misconceptions between people of uttarakhand that Mahasu Deities are only 4 and they use term " Char Mahasu " whereas it is not so Mahasu is a sur name or name of family. From the Seventh furrow, their heavenly mother, Devladli Devi. An army, like mushrooms, emerged from the field, and Huna Bhatt followed the instructions. The Mahasu brothers ultimately defeated the demon army, and Kirmir was taken by Chalda Devta to a ravine on Mount Khanda, leaving marks of his sword on the Rock. After all this Mahasu decided to divide the areas between them, in that divination Bothea Mahasu due to their inability to walk got Hanol , Vasik Mahasu got bawar where he chose Mahindrth as their main place , Pawasi got 3 belts 'Pingal','Maasmor','Kothigaad' ,Gudaru mahasu got area of "Batholigarh" in Himachal Pradesh and chose Diswani as their main place , Shedkudiya Mahasu got "5 parwat" area in Uttrakhand and chose "Duni bithri" as his first place. For Chalda Mahasu, no part of land was left so he got Chalda raaj Chalda Mahasu stays 12 years in Uttrakhand and 12 in Himachal, Vashik Mahasu and Bothea Mahasu are the most powerful deities of Bawar area Uttrakhand, Pawasi Mahasu is most powerful deity of Pingal, Massmor And Kothigaad region, Gudaru Mahasu is the most powerful deity of Himachal Pradesh, Shedkudiya Mahasu is the most powerful deity of 5 parwat area Uttrakhand. It’s incredible how mythology and folklore intertwine with history and culture. The Mahasu Devta Temple remains a significant pilgrimage site, and the legend of Huna Bhatt and the Mahasu brothers continues to inspire awe and devotion.

Jagara of Lord Mahasu
The Jagara celebrated for Lord Mahasu is quintessential to his cult and is unheard of outside his deitydom. Held in the month of Bhadon on the eve of Naga chauth (Bhadraprada shukla chaturtha), i.e., the fourth day of the bright half. This day is very important because the lord appeared from the ground on that day. On this occasion, during the day the mohras images are ritually bathed and carried ceremoniously duly wrapped in the folds of a sheet of cloth. These are soiled by an ominous sight. No one is allowed to be near the image as the deity may feel offended and curse the defaulter. After the rituals the images are consigned to the altar for none to see, and one of them is kept in a palanquin for the consummation of ceremonies during the day. By sunset that image is also taken inside the temple and placed on the altar with others.

As the night falls, a tall, straight pole cut from a kail (blue pine) tree is planted firmly on the ground. On it a flag of deity is hoisted. Another pole of similar tree of much shorter length having number of forking branches is taken. Its branches are chopped off at about half of meter from the stem so that a large squarish slate can be securely placed over the branches. This is called chira. The goat reserved for the deity is brought near the altar and offered to the deity by sprinkling water over it. If the animal shivers (bijana), it signals acceptance by the deity.

As night gets darker, the men and women team around with the burning torches of resinous wood in their hands. They dance in a circle around chira. The fire keeps on burning on chira with more fuel fed to it throughout the night. Dancing and singing continues around the chira throughout the night on the beat of Nagaras and other instruments. At times people, people fall from the circle and more take their places so that chain is never broken. At times, a man or two would drop from the circle being possessed by deity or his deputy (shedkulia) starts shouting and crying in frenzy of divine afflatus.

In the Mahabharata era
During the Mahabharat era, King Duryodhana came to Purola after traveling through Kullu and Kashmir. Duryodhana liked Purola so much that he decided to reside there. He prayed to Mahasu Devta for a piece of land. The deity accepted his pleas and made him the king of the area. King Duryodhana made Jakholi his capital village and constructed Mahasu Devta Temple. In medieval time the great Mughal emperor Akbar made frequent visits to the temple.

Shaant Festival at Hanol (May 2004)
A festival of shaant was held at Hanol, the principal seat of Botha Mahasu, from 22 May 2004 to 26 May 2004. There are three main types of ceremonies, namely khura shau (one hundred legs of animals sacrificed), munda shau (one hundred heads of animals sacrificed) and singhaan shau (one head of lon or at least representative a cat). This festival which was observed in May 2004 at hanol in which twenty-five goats are required to be sacrificed, twenty five is the minimum number of goats that can be sacrificed. Khura shau ceremonies locally called as shaant festivals are held after several years in the habitats where the tradition of such ceremonies is continuing since past. The second type of shaant ceremony Munda Shau is difficult to arrange in comparison to Khura shau as it involves hundred heads of animals. The shaant festival held at hanol in Jaunsar-Bawar region in Uttarakhand was arranged after about one hundred years. About fifty-two village gods (Gram Devtas) attended the shaant festival.

According to Pandit Devi Ram of Maneoti the first shaant was performed by "Gudaru" ( one the Deities of Mahasuvi cult), According to him, the decision of stopping the practice of offering goats to the deities was taken in the ceremony and all the participating deities and their representatives (Vazirs), Excepting Shedkulia of Fateh Parvat in Uttarakhand, consented to stop sacrificial practices in their temples. Two other important decisions arrived at the ceremony (1) To allow entry of ladies in the temple,(2) To stop the practice of sacrificing animals in name of village gods.

Mahasu Devta fair
Mahasu Devta fair is held every year in August. It is the most important religious fair of the local tribe. Basically Mahasu Devta fair at Hanol is celebrated by the Jaunsari tribe and people of other communities join them. This fair depicts the cultural harmony between the communities.

There is a deity idol inside the temple known as Chalta Mahasu. During the fair, this deity is taken out in procession. Large crowds walk on the both sides. The prayers are continued for three days and nights. They are accompanied by music and folk dance mainly performed by locals and people from nearby villages. The musicians and folk dancers from dehradun and nearby districts comes to participate in this fair.

The materials for performing rituals (like havan, etc.) are provided by the Government of India. Since the Mahasu Devta fair at Hanol is local, the majority of the people come from nearby districts of Uttarkashi, Tehri, Saharanpur, Sirmour, Shimla, kullu etc.

Mahasu Devta fair at Hanol is the best venue to view the cultural heritage and traditions of local tribes.

Palanquins of Mahasu Devta
The palanquins of Mahasu Devta is generally of roof type-Box type design. In roof type-box type palanquins, the deity's image (Murti or Muharas) is hidden inside the box. Usually made up of silver and sometimes inlaid with gold, both the box and the roof are typically ornamented with repousse images of Shiva, Ganesha, Krishna, The Pandavas and Kauravas and Gopis. The placement of silver parasol at the peak of the roof and the four ball at each of the corner of the box reproduces the mandallic geometry of centre and four directions, the visual signature of world-ordering sovereignty gives visual form to Mahasu's paramount status as "king of the gods" ((देवो का राजा)). A woven silver cummerbund tied around the box, through which the deity's sword is slung, indicates the palanquin's anthropomorphic construction as the martial body of a demon-slaying ruler.

Architectural aspects of temple
Architecturally Mahasu Devta Temple at Hanol is one of the rarest examples of perfect and harmonious blend of stone and wooden structure to form one composite grand edifice. The sanctum proper is a pure stone shikhara in classical Nagar style. The whole wooden structure is covered with a high pitched slated pent roof surmounted by a two-tiered conical canopy over it on which a gracefully tapered kalash pinnacle stands. The roof ends and the projection of balcony are ornamented with dangling fringes a pendent corner bells which sway with the slightest movement of breeze.

The stone built classical sanctum sanctorum enshrines many mohras and one bronze image. Those in front row from left to right are Chalda Mahasu (the Mahasu who keeps on moving), Devladli Devi (mother of Mahasu Devta), Kapala Bir (one of the four birs (attendants) of Mahasu Devta), and Shedkuliya (the attendant who emits the whistling sound). Behind them in the preceding order are Pavasi Devta, Kailu (a bir), Natari (polyandrous wife of four Mahasu brothers). All the face images are seated in a middle a small bronze image which is regarded as Botha Mahasu.

Entry to sanctum is restricted strictly for others except the pujari. Even he is required to undergo ritual ablution every time he enters the celestial realms; the tradition pujari of temple is a Brahmin. He is not supposed to eat meat, only eat food once a day, avoid proximity with other persons during the term of his deity as pujari.

In front of sanctum is a large room which functions as an extension to the sanctum where sacramental objects are stored. This room is called Bhandar. Entry to this room is restricted to Brahmins only. The gilded door of the bhandar is very interesting. It surface is profusely embossed with human and animal figures in a very bold manner depicting the episodes associated with the birth of Mahasu Devta. The door frame is intensively covered with coins nailed over one another through years but non of them are numismatic interest and range from recent past. The lion head is fitted with a gold brass ring that serves as a handle. Such ornamental door are common in temple near east of satluj. In front of the vestibule is a sabha mandap followed by an open frontal portico. All the four apartments of this temple are roofed separately. Vestibule and bhandar have a combined three-tiered pent roof with pyramid canopy. The frontal porch has a gable roof over it supported by two wooden pillars with an intermediate ornamental arch.

Unique aspects of temple
The most unusual aspect of the temple is the two spherical rocks about one foot in diameter. The fun part is to lift these rocks on your shoulder and head and then throw them to the ground. It is believed that only a pious-hearted person can only lift up these rocks.

The hanging of trophies on the temple wall is another unique aspect. Matches are played between teams of local gods. On winning, the trophy is awarded and hanged on the interior walls.

On the premises one can notice numerous goats roaming. It is believed that whatever one wishes in this temple, Mahasu Devta fulfills it, provided that on the fulfillment one has to bring a certain number of goats to Mahasu Devta Temple. After prayers the goats are set free to roam on the premises.

Pavasi Devata Temple
Pavasi Devta is the second brother of Mahasu Devta. The Pavasi Devta Temple is just across the River Tons on a hillock. The temple is about 2 km from Mahasu Devta Temple. A road from Mahasu Devta Temple goes one km downward toward the suspension bridge at the river. On crossing, one enters Thadiyar, a small village in Uttarkashi district. Then footpath goes up the hill about 1 km to reach Pavasi Devta Temple.



Accommodation
The Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam guest house ( now under PPP mode with BIVA Hospitality) is the reasonable and comfortable accommodation option at Hanol. It has six rooms and a dormitory. Accommodation is also available on the premises of the temple.

Accessibility
The Mahasu Devta Temple is about 180 km from Dehradun via Chakrata. It takes about seven hours from this route. The road is narrow and difficult during rainy season. Another route to reach this temple is via Mussoorie, Purola, Naugaon. This route is much better than the former one and takes approximately the same time to reach. The temple is also connected to Shimla via Chaupal and via Jubbal.

The nearest airport is the Jolly Grant Airport, Dehradun. The nearest railway terminus is also at Dehradun.

Best time to visit
In summer (March to May) The climate is very pleasant. Most of the pilgrims visit temple during this time.

In the rainy season (July to September) there is mild rainfall. Most of the roads are slippery during this season.

In winter (November to February) the weather is chilly.