Mather Tower



Mather Tower (later Lincoln Tower, as designated on the Michigan–Wacker Historic District roster; now identified primarily by its address) is a Neo-Gothic, terra cotta-clad high-rise structure in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is located at 75 East Wacker Drive in the downtown "loop" area, adjacent to the Chicago River.

The 521 ft-high building is sometimes called "The Inverted Spyglass" by Chicagoans due to its highly unusual design, an 18-story octagonal tower atop a more conventional 24-story rectangular "box." Briefly the tallest building in Chicago at the time of its completion in 1928, it remains the city's most slender high-rise structure at only 100 by at its base. The interior space within the upper octagonal spire contains the least square footage per floor of any Chicago skyscraper.

History
It was designed by Herbert Hugh Riddle (1875–1939), the architect of the Chicago Theological Seminary, as headquarters for the Mather Stock Car Company, a builder of rail cars for transporting livestock. Its design was greatly influenced by the pioneering Chicago Zoning Ordinance of 1923, which placed no limit on the height of new buildings as long as the surface area of the structure's uppermost floor did not exceed 25% of its footprint. This resulted in a multitude of tall, slender, "setback" towers, of which the Mather is an extreme and unusual example. The top floor of the octagonal spire has only 280 sqft of floor space.

Mather Company's founder, Alonzo Mather (a descendant of Cotton Mather) is said to be responsible for a number of the building's distinctive design features, including the octagonal tower. Initial plans called for construction of a second, identical building on North Michigan Avenue, behind the Mather and connected to it by a ground-floor arcade, but onset of the Great Depression in 1929 forced its cancellation.

By the 1990s the building had fallen into significant disrepair. In 2000 the 4-story "cupola" at the top of the building was demolished because of structural deterioration and safety concerns, after chunks of terra cotta began falling from the facade. Damage was sufficiently extensive that consideration was given to dismantling the remaining 17 stories of the octagonal spire as well.

In 2000 Masterworks Development Corporation purchased the structure and undertook a complete restoration. In November 2002, the final phase of the project was initiated when a helicopter lifted the steel framework for a new cupola from a river barge to the top of the tower.

The lower, rectangular portion of the building currently houses the River Hotel, while the octagonal upper stories are occupied by a branch of the Club Quarters chain of membership corporate accommodations.

Mather Tower was designated a Chicago Historic Landmark in 2001, and in 2006 it received a National Preservation Honor Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Architecture and Structure
The Neo-Gothic, otherwise referred to as the Gothic Revival, Style used in the design was part of the result of the "search" for a style of American Architecture at the time. The style had heavy influence on American architecture after its birth in England during the 18th Century (Middle). Neo-Gothic is a founding style seen all around the other late 19th Century and early 20th Century buildings in Chicago, and was a long lasting style around early America in general.

As previously mentioned, the Mather Tower was clothed in a terra cotta-cladding, which was a façade gaining an immense amount of popularity at the time due to a number of characteristics it had to offer. Terra cotta itself had been around since before any sort of "sky scrapper" was a thought, aging back 5000+ years to its use in ancient Chinese Pottery. The cladding itself is a very strong, weather bearing material, giving it a long-lasting standing. Given that terra cotta cladding is simply hardened clay, it is a highly desirable material due to the lack of chemicals and natural formation. In the fast growing city of Chicago, just like the other cities in the early 20th century, there was a dense amount of population flooding into the city. Terra cotta is also known for its ability to absorb sound waves, giving it more desirable properties addressing the sound pollution in cities during building design. As more buildings grew taller, the move from heavy, Masonry walls to light weight structure was inevitable, and terra cotta cladding rose as a light weight and recyclable solution.

Contrary to what it may seem, the deterioration of the Mather Tower, prior to its restoration in the early 2000s, did not originate in the falling terra cotta cladding itself. Although the material is durable and long lasting, it was still a relatively new kind of cladding (especially for skyscrapers) and came with some unpredicted design properties. Thermocycling along with a combination of compressive forces were not necessarily accounted for in the early 20th century design phase, which are properties that are now known to cause deterioration in facades like terra cotta. In previous designs, the mass of the masonry in walls would absorb moisture, therefore these new ideas on thermal cycling were not needed. With more structures evolving from masonry to steel, methods previously depended on would no longer cut it. When considering the need for the restoration of the Mather Tower, its likely, although not specifically stated, that the falling cladding was a result of cracking terra cotta due to high amounts of strain from the structure itself.