Melanelia hepatizon

Melanelia hepatizon, commonly known as the rimmed camouflage lichen or the rimmed brown-shield, is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Its thallus, ranging in colour from brown to black, features narrow, elongated that can be flat, convex, or concave. This lichen has a circumpolar distribution, occurring in Asia, Europe, North America, Iceland, and Greenland.

Taxonomy
The Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius first scientifically described Melanelia hepatizon in 1799, initially classifying it in the eponymous genus Lichen, following the conventions established by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. Over time, the species was reclassified into several different genera before being placed in Melanelia by Arne Thell in 1995.

Chemical profiling and DNA barcoding have proven useful for the identification and discrimination of Melanelia species. These methods can effectively separate M. hepatizon from other closely related species. Studies employing DNA barcoding have revealed considerable intraspecific genetic variability within Melanelia hepatizon. The high genetic distances observed among individual specimens of this species suggest the presence of previously unrecognised lineages. This indicates that what is currently classified as M. hepatizon may, in fact, encompass multiple distinct species that have not yet been identified due to their morphological similarity. Molecular phylogenetics analysis shows that M. hepatizon has a sister relationship with M. stygia, the type species of the genus.

In North America, the species has been called the "rimmed camouflage lichen" or the "rimmed brown-shield".

Description
Melanelia hepatizon has a dark brown, often shiny thallus. It is usually closely attached to its. The thallus measures up to 3 cm in diameter, and features narrow, usually between 0.4 and 1.5 mm in width, occasionally reaching up to 2.5 mm. The edges of the lobes are distinctly thickened. This species lacks both soredia and isidia. A distinguishing characteristic of Melanelia hepatizon is the presence of conspicuous white pseudocyphellae (pores for gas exchange) along the lobe margins, especially around the margins of the apothecia (fruiting bodies).

The lower surface of Melanelia hepatizon is black at the centre, transitioning to dark brown towards the edges. Rhizines are sparse and primarily located at the margins. The pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are black, cylindrical structures that are usually conspicuous on or near the lobe margins. Apothecia are common in this species. They are in form, with a red-brown to brown  that can reach up to 5 mm in diameter. The conidia are dumbbell-shaped and measure between 4 and 6 μm in length.

Chemistry
The medulla of Melanelia hepatizon reacts positively to the PD spot test, turning orange, and to the K test, turning deep yellow. It does not react to the KC or C tests. The major secondary metabolites (lichen products identified in M. hepatizon include cryptostictic acid, stictic acid, and norstictic acid.

Melanelia hepatizon contains various additional secondary fungal metabolites, commonly known as mycotoxins. These mycotoxins were identified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a method known for its high selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy. The major mycotoxins detected in Melanelia hepatizon include sterigmatocystin, alternariol, emodin, mycophenolic acid, citrinin, diacetoxyscirpenol, cyclopiazonic acid, and zearalenone. These metabolites contribute to the diverse biochemical profile of Melanelia hepatizon and are characteristic of the broader group of fungi-associated lichen substances.

Habitat and distribution
A circumpolar species, Melanelia hepatizon has a wide ecological amplitude, growing in diverse environments ranging from arctic sea-level stands to alpine belts in meridional zones, and from oceanic to continental sites. In the Himalayas, it has been recorded at elevations of 3600 m and 4500 m. The lichen colonises siliceous rocks, occasionally wood and mosses, in various lowland and mountain tundra communities, as well as in open, exposed alpine vegetation. Its range includes China, Iceland, and Greenland. It is widespread in Europe, having been reported from 23 countries there, and is also widely distributed in the Russian Arctic. Its range in North America includes the Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains extending north to Alaska and other arctic regions in the west, and the Appalachians and Great Lakes regions in the east.

Melanelia hepatizon is typically found in sun-exposed habitats in boreal, alpine, and Arctic zones. It is predicted to respond negatively to climate change due to its preference for cooler, stable environments. As temperatures rise and habitats shift, this species may face a decline in abundance and distribution.