Military of the Bruneian Sultanate

The Military of the Bruneian Sultanate (Tentera Kesultanan Brunei; Jawi: تنتيرا كسلطانن بروني) was the land force of the Bruneian Sultanate from 1368 to 1888.

Origins (1363/68-1408)
The first known battle between Brunei and foreign armies was the Battle of the Igan Valley. The Igan River flowed through this valley and was located in the traditional lands of the Melanau-speaking people. There are two accounts of the fight: the first, more legendary, tells of a nine-month struggle between three Brunei heroes and Bilanapura, a genie that Jerambak finally defeated using a miraculous fish skin he stole from an ogre. According to the second, Awang Jerambak's Brunei men came up against Basiung and his 9,000-strong allied armies from Sambas, Matu, Sadung, and Sarikei. The Brunei army, aided by the Dayaks, overpowered Basiung's warriors despite their superior numbers; as a result, Igan was destroyed and war spoils were taken. Following this, Jerambak made Igan accept Awang Alak Betatar's dominance.

The Bruneian soldiers persisted in their conquests, subduing Igan's allies, such as Sarikei, Rajang, Sadung, Sarawak, Tanjung Datu, and Lingga, and stealing and capturing the traditionally Melanau regions of Oya, Matu, and Mukah.

Independent period (1408–1888)
After the Bruneian Sultanate declared independence from Majapahit Empire in 1408, the Sultan, Sulaiman of Brunei re-established the Bruneian Sultanate's military, it is unclear what they used, but it is suspected that officers who bears the royal regalia of the Sultan of Brunei such as the Panglima Asgar, Perwira Asgar, and the Hulubalang Asgar carried the royal weapons of a kalasak (shield) and a kampilan (sword).

A 15th-century Chinese shipwreck containing hand cannons was found near Brunei during Bolkiah's reign, Bolkiah paid 40 Javanese blacksmiths to teach metal casting in Brunei, possibly introducing cannon casting. Those 40 Javanese introduced cannon technology to Brunei.

In 1521, Antonio Pigafetta reported Brunei's military had a fleet of more than 100 boats (ships) which were involved in an attack with a faction in the south.

Sultan Bolkiah was renowned for frequently traveling overseas in an effort to get fresh perspectives and information that would aid in the development of his nation. But he really started to gather traction in 1500, when he made the decision to visit the Kingdom of Tondo in an effort to increase his power. Bolkiah founded the city of Selurong; later named Maynila, on the other side of the Pasig River shortly after taking over Tondo from its monarch, Lakan Gambang.

Following the Sultan's victory in Tondo, the customary Rajahs, referred to as the Lakandula, kept their titles and possessions, but the House of Soliman, which housed the Manila Rajahs, gained control of them. Following this triumph, Brunei ruled over Borneo and the western Philippines for almost a millennium, until starting to decline in influence in the 18th century.

The Bruneian military prior to the Castilian War of 1578, was still had a strong army and navy. But despite this, they lost two battles against the Spaniards, after the Spaniards captured Kota Batu, Saiful Rijal changed to country's capital to Saragua (Sarawak), later they regained their strength after the Spanish force occupying the capital greatly weakened by an outbreak of cholera and dysentery. Before the Spanish retreated, the Spanish burned and destroyed the city's mosque. After just 72 days, the Spanish would later returned to Manila on 26 June.

In 26 June 1578, (the same day as the Spanish retreat to Manila) the Bruneian forces under Bendahara Sakam fought against Bruneian defectors who defected to Spain under Pengiran Seri Ratna. The Bruneian forces under Bendahara Sakam would win the Battle of Muara and kill Pengiran Seri Ratna (during the battle).

During Muhammad Hasan's reign, Muhammad Hasan commanded the attack on Milau of the Kelabitic group in Sarawak, to be carried out by Pehin Orang Kaya Di-Gadong Seri Lela. After the Bruneian troops put an end to the uprising, Milau returned to Brunei and submitted.

In 1660, the Bruneian Civil War would start and again spilt into two forces: Abdul Hakkul Mubin and Muhyiddin. During the civil war, Muhyiddin was concerned that the civil war was dragging on for too long and asked the help of the Sultan of Sulu to send for his forces. He reportedly promised the land of eastern Sabah as a reward for the latter's assistance. During the civil war, Abdul Hakkul Mubin fled to Kinarut (in present-day Papar, Sabah, Malaysia) where, he stayed there for ten years, repelling repeated attacks by Sultan Muhyiddin. They returned to Brunei after a final attack by Muhyiddin's forces in which they failed to defeat Abdul Hakkul Mubin. It also noted that Muhyiddin finally defeated Abdul Hakkul Mubin in Cermin Island, by of the purchasing of gunpowder, which came from Jambi Sultanate.

The Sulu army was supposed to help Muhyiddin forces in Cermin Island, but when they arrived the Sulu army in their ships arrived just to watch Muhyiddin forces fight Abdul Hakkul Mubin forces instead of helping the Muhyiddin forces, they landed after the battle to take war booty and to enslaved prisoners. This would infuriated Muhyiddin, who ordered the Sulu army to leave without giving eastern Sabah to them. Brunei denied giving eastern Sabah to the Sulu Sultanate. There is no written evidence of the transfer, and the civil war ended in 1673.

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin learned about the situation in Manila of the Philippines, due to it being Bruneian territory, he was not pleased. As a result, he gave command to attack Sultan Alimuddin in Manila with his forces under the command of Pehin Orang Kaya Di-Gadong Seri Lela Awang Aliwaddin in 1769. The mission didn't arrive in Manila until 1769 because the expedition's preparations took so long. Sultan Alimuddin had already departed Manila for Sulu, therefore Manila was under Spanish rule when the siege began. The siege would go on to be a success as Manila was captured by the Brunei sultanate.

The conflict over North Borneo, also known as Sabah, began after which a promise made by Sultan Muhyiddin to the Sultan of Sulu after Sulu helped him win the Brunei Civil War that went in his favor. Sulu attacked Brunei in 1771 after he had become severely weakened. Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin signed a deal with the British Empire in June 1774 to secure outside support. The British were looking for a storehouse along the way to Canton and received exclusive rights to the pepper trade in exchange for their military assistance. When Sulu despatch a force under the command of Datu Teting to attack Balambangan in 1775, its leaders sought safety in Labuan after the British quickly established a presence in Brunei. When the two forces clashed, Datu Teting surrendered and his troops fled back to Sulu after learning that the warriors of Brunei, led by Pengiran Temenggong Ampa, were far too strong for them to defeat. Thomas Forrest visited Brunei in February 1776. Despite Labuan's offer, the British left Brunei in 1777 due to the financial collapse of Balambangan, losing the entire East India Company.

In 18th to 19th century, the Bruneian military was in bad shape, and later disbanded by the last sultan after signing the Treaty of Protection and then became a regiment of the British Army in 1961.

Regiment period (1961–1984)
In 1961, The Royal Brunei Malay Regiment was formed, when the first intake of 60 recruits began training. The formal foundation of the regiment occurred in June 1962, when men of the first three intakes were formed into the regimental headquarters and three rifle companies. In 1965, the regiment received the 'Royal' prefix, becoming the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment. Initially stationed at Port Dickson in Malaya, the regiment was soon moved to a purpose-built barracks in Brunei itself. The Royal Brunei Malay Regiment established two new units, the Boat Section and the Air Service in 1965 to increase its capabilities further. These two units, together with the infantry, were amalgamated into a single task force in 1966.

In 1972, the regiment's structure was changed, with the infantry, aviation, and naval sections split into separate units once again. The infantry companies became the 1st Battalion, Royal Brunei Malay Regiment, with a total of five rifle companies. Three years later, the 2nd Battalion, Royal Brunei Malay Regiment was formed by taking B and E Companies from the 1st Battalion.

In 1984, Brunei achieved full independence from the United Kingdom. At that time, the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment was renamed as the Royal Brunei Land Force (RBLF), part of the wider Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF).

Organisation
The Bruneian army in 1521 had around 1,000 men (royal guards sometimes referred as 'warriors'), plus 100 boats and 62 artillery, served as defence and invasion force, total numbered 2,620 men, ships and artillery pieces. During the reign of Bolkiah (r. 1485–1524), military was still 1,000 men and 62 cannons. But decreased down to 50 boats. During the reign of Saiful Rijal (r. 1533–1583), the army reduced itself further to a 60 recruits when it became a regiment of the British Empire.

Royal Guard
The Sultan had about 1,000 royal guards (Pengawal Diraja; Jawi: پڠاول ديراج), obligated to protect the capital of Kota Batu and later Kampong Ayer, however it is unknown what they would've used, but probably the same weapons as the warriors.

Warriors
These warriors (Pahlawan; Jawi: ڤهلاون) were usually the ones who fought outside of the Sultanate, due to them being easier to mobilise for larger campaigns. They were usually commanded by local chiefs. They were armed with traditional weapons, and possibly hand cannons (during Sultan Bolkiah reign), and later a type of matchlock musket manufactured in West Sumatra and bought from Jambi Sultanate which was imported to Brunei during the Bruneian Civil War (during Muhyiddin reign). They began to acquire Flintlock Muskets in the late 17th century and early 18th century from most likely from European merchants and regional powers. It is unknown what they would have worn, however it is safely concluded that they usually wore leather armor, however they also used Baju Rantai (chainmail) or Baju Lamina armour (mail and plate armour) combined with normal Malay Clothing.