Mineiro

Mineiro, Mineirês, or the Brazilian mountain accent (montanhês) is the Brazilian Portuguese term for the accent spoken in the Center, East and Southeast regions of the state of Minas Gerais.

Etymology
The term is also the demonym of Minas Gerais.

Demography
It is notable for being spoken in its capital, Belo Horizonte, and its historical cities: Ouro Preto (capital from 1720 until 1897), Mariana (first major town), Santa Bárbara, Sabará, Diamantina, Tiradentes, São João del-Rei, Congonhas, Serro, Caeté etc.

Ten million people, about half of the state's population, speak it.

Linguistic geography
The dialect is mainly spoken in four geographic regions of the state. The four regions have a great population density.


 * Intermediate Geographic Region of Belo Horizonte (center)


 * Intermediate Geographic Region of Ipatinga (east)


 * Intermediate Geographic Region of Juiz de Fora (southeast)


 * Intermediate Geographic Region of Barbacena (south-center)

Most populous cities which speak Mineiro (population>50 000)

 * Greater than 700 000: Belo Horizonte (2 530 701).


 * Between 600 000 and 700 000: Contagem.


 * Between 500 000 and 600 000: Juiz de Fora.


 * Between 400 000 and 500 000: Betim.


 * Between 300 000 and 400 000: Ribeirão das Neves.


 * Between 250 000 and 300 000: Governador Valadares.


 * Between 200 000 and 250 000: Sete Lagoas, Santa Luzia.


 * Between 150 000 and 200 000: Pouso Alegre.


 * Between 100 000 and 150 000: Barbacena, Sabará, Vespasiano, Conselheiro Lafaiete, Itabira, Ubá, Coronel Fabriciano, Muriaé.


 * Between 75 000 and 100 000: Nova Lima, Caratinga, Manhuaçu, Timóteo, São João del-Rei, Curvelo, João Monlevade, Viçosa, Cataguases,


 * Between 50 000 and 75 000: Ouro Preto, Esmeraldas, Lagoa Santa, Pedro Leopoldo, Mariana, Ponte Nova, Congonhas, Leopoldina, Itabirito.

History
Minas Gerais was settled during the late 17th and early 18th centuries by a mix of recent Portuguese immigrants (reinóis or emboabas), mainly from Minho, and earlier colonists that came from São Paulo (paulistas). There was an intense rivalry between the two groups, fighting over the gold mines (from which the name of the province was taken, Minas Gerais means "General Mines"). These conflicts required the intervention of the Portuguese Crown after a serious uprisal developed into civil war (Guerra dos Emboabas) with the final defeat of the paulistas in 1708.

In the 19th century, the state was being forgotten due to the decline of gold mining. Due to this isolation, the state was influenced by the dialect of Rio de Janeiro in the southeast, while the south and the Triangulo Mineiro region, began to speak the rustic dialect of São Paulo (caipira). The central region of Minas Gerais, however, developed their own dialect, which is known as Mineiro or mountain dialect. This dialect is also present in cities of the center and southeast of the state, which is surrounded by mountains and mines.

Recently, the influence of mineiro has been increasing and spreading, due to local pride and rejection of other accents.

History of linguistic study
The first scientific study of the dialect was the Esboço de um Atlas Linguístico de Minas Gerais (EALMG), "Draft of a Linguistic Atlas for Minas Gerais". The work was done in 1977 by the Federal University of Juiz de Fora. Until today, it is the most important linguistic study about the state.

Accent characteristics
This dialect is often hard to understand for people outside the region where it is spoken due to heavy assimilation and elision.
 * Reduction (and often loss) of final and initial unstressed vowels, especially with e, i and u: parte ("part") becomes *partch  (with soft affricate T). Common to most of Brazil.
 * Assimilation of consecutive vowels: o urubu ("the vulture") becomes *u rubu.
 * Debuccalization (and usual loss) of final /r/ and /s/: cantar ("to sing") becomes *cantá  and os livros ("the books")  becomes *us lívru . Common to most of Brazil.
 * Soft pronunciation of "r": rato ("mouse") is pronounced . Very common in other parts of Brazil.
 * Loss of the plural ending -s in adjectives and nouns, retained only in articles and verbs: meus filhos ("my children") becomes (sometimes; most of the time in the capital, Belo Horizonte) *meus filho, (most of the time) *meus fii  OR *meus fiu  (see below).
 * Realization of most as : alho  ("garlic") becomes homophonous with aio  ("hired tutor"); see yeísmo in Spanish. Probably the most characteristic feature of the Mineiro accent, though it is less present in Belo Horizonte.
 * Replacement of some diphthongs with long vowels: fio (thread) becomes fii, pouco  (few) becomes poco.
 * Apocope of final syllables. -lho becomes  (filho → *fii'), -inho becomes *-im'  (pinho → *pim').
 * Diphthongization of stressed vowels: mas ("but") becomes *mais  and três  ("three") becomes *treis  Common in other parts of Brazil, particularly Rio de Janeiro.
 * Intense elision: abra as asas ("spread your wings") becomes *abrazaza . Para onde nós estamos indo?  ("Where are we going?") becomes Pronoistamuíno? . However, see : this is far from being the most common usage.
 * Loss of initial "e" in words beginning with "es": esporte becomes.
 * Mineiro also lacks notable features of other accents, including the retroflex R (caipira), palatalization of S (carioca), strong dental R (gaucho), or "singsong" nordestino intonation.