Miwok

The Miwok (also spelled Miwuk, Mi-Wuk, or Me-Wuk) are members of four linguistically related Native American groups Indigenous to what is now Northern California, who traditionally spoke one of the Miwok languages in the Utian family. The word Miwok means people in the Miwok languages.

Subgroups
Anthropologists commonly divide the Miwok into four geographically and culturally diverse ethnic subgroups. These distinctions were not used among the Miwok before European contact.
 * Plains and Sierra Miwok: from the western slope and foothills of the Sierra Nevada, the Sacramento Valley, San Joaquin Valley and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta
 * Coast Miwok: from present day location of Marin County and southern Sonoma County (includes the Bodega Bay Miwok and Marin Miwok)
 * Lake Miwok: from Clear Lake basin of Lake County
 * Bay Miwok: from present-day location of Contra Costa County

Federally recognized tribes
The United States Bureau of Indian Affairs officially recognizes eleven tribes of Miwok descent in California. They are as follows:
 * Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians
 * California Valley Miwok Tribe, formerly known as the Sheep Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians
 * Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians
 * Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, formerly known as the Federated Coast Miwok
 * Ione Band of Miwok Indians, of Ione, California
 * Jackson Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians
 * Middletown Rancheria (members of this tribe are of Pomo, Lake Miwok, and Wintun descent)
 * Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians, Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract)
 * Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians of the Tuolumne Rancheria
 * United Auburn Indian Community of Auburn Rancheria
 * Wilton Rancheria Indian Tribe

Non-federally recognized tribes

 * Miwok Tribe of the El Dorado Rancheria
 * Nashville-Eldorado Miwok Tribe
 * Colfax-Todds Valley Consolidated Tribe of the Colfax Rancheria
 * Southern Sierra Miwuk Nation
 * Calaveras Band of Mi-Wuk Indians
 * Miwok of Buena Vista Rancheria
 * River Valley Miwok Indians, formally known as Historical Families of Wilton Rancheria

History
The predominant theory regarding the settlement of the Americas dates the original migrations from Asia to around 20,000 years ago across the Bering Strait land bridge, but anthropologist Otto von Sadovszky claims that the Miwok and some other northern California tribes descend from Siberians who arrived in California by sea around 3,000 years ago.

Culture
The Miwok lived in small bands without centralized political authority before contact with European Americans in 1769. They had domesticated dogs and cultivated tobacco, but were otherwise hunter-gatherers.

Cuisine
The Sierra Miwok harvested acorns from the California Black Oak. In fact, the modern-day extent of the California Black Oak forests in some areas of Yosemite National Park is partially due to cultivation by Miwok tribes. They burned understory vegetation to reduce the fraction of Ponderosa Pine. Nearly every other kind of edible vegetable matter was used as a food source, including bulbs, seeds, and fungi. Animals were hunted with arrows, clubs or snares, depending on the species and the situation. Grasshoppers were a highly prized food source, as were mussels for those groups adjacent to the Stanislaus River. Coastal Miwok were known to have predominantly relied on food gathered from the inland side of the Marin peninsula (modern San Pablo bay, lakes, and land based foods), but to have also engaged in diving for abalone in the Pacific Ocean.

The Miwok ate meals according to appetite rather than at regular times. They stored food for later consumption, primarily in flat-bottomed baskets.

Religion
The Miwok creation story and narratives tend to be similar to those of other natives of Northern California. Miwok had totem animals, identified with one of two moieties, which were in turn associated respectively with land and water. These totem animals were not thought of as literal ancestors of humans, but rather as predecessors.

Sports
Miwok people played mixed-gender games on a 110 yard playing field called poscoi a we'a. A unique game was played with young men and women. Similarly to soccer, the object was to put an elk hide ball through the goalpost. The girls were allowed to do anything, including kicking the ball and picking it up and running with it. The boys were only allowed to use their feet, but if a girl was holding it he could pick her up and carry her towards his goal.

Population
In 1770, there were an estimated 500 Lake Miwok, 1,500 Coast Miwok, and 9,000 Plains and Sierra Miwok, totaling about 11,000 people, according to historian Alfred L. Kroeber, although this may be a serious undercount; for example, he did not identify the Bay Miwok.

History professors from California estimate the total Miwok population was 25,000 people, prior to 1769.

The 1910 Census reported only 671 Miwok total, and the 1930 Census, 491. See history of each Miwok group for more information. Today there are about 3,500 Miwok in total.

Influences on popular culture
The Star Wars films feature a fictional species of forest-dwelling creatures known as Ewoks, who are ostensibly named after the Miwok.

The Miwok people are encountered in Kim Stanley Robinson's book The Years of Rice and Salt. In an alternate history scenario depicted in the book, they are the first group of Native Americans encountered by the first Chinese to discover the continent.