Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky



Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Моде́ст Ильи́ч Чайко́вский; 13 May 1850–15 January 1916) was a Russian dramatist, opera librettist and translator.

Early life
Modest Ilyich was born in Alapayevsk, Verkhotursky Uyezd, Perm Governorate, the younger brother of the composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. He graduated from the Imperial School of Jurisprudence with a degree in law. In 1876, Modest became the tutor to a deaf-mute boy Nikolai ("Kolya") Hermanovich Konradi (1868–1922) and, using a special teaching method, helped him to talk, write, and read. In his still unpublished autobiography, broadly quoted by Alexander Poznansky, Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky mentions his and his brother's homosexuality.

Career
Modest chose to dedicate his entire life to literature and music. He wrote plays, translated sonnets by Shakespeare into Russian and wrote librettos for operas by his brother Pyotr, as well as for other composers such as Eduard Nápravník, Arseny Koreshchenko, Anton Arensky and Sergei Rachmaninoff. Being the nearest friend of his brother, he became his first biographer, and also the founder of the Tchaikovsky Museum in Klin.

Plays

 * Predrassudki (Предрассудки –  Prejudices)
 * Simfoniya (Симфония – Symphony)
 * Den' v Peterburge (День в Петербурге – A Day in St Petersburg)

Opera libretti

 * Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: The Queen of Spades (Пиковая дама - Pikovaya dama), Op. 68, 1890. Premiered: 19 December 1890, St Petersburg
 * Tchaikovsky: Iolanta (Иоланта – Iolanta), Op. 69, 1891, based on the Danish play Kong Renés Datter (King René’s Daughter) by Henrik Hertz, translated by Fyodor Miller and adapted by Vladimir Rafailovich Zotov. Premiered: 1892, Mariinsky Theatre, St Petersburg.
 * Eduard Nápravník: Dubrovsky (Дубровский). Premiered: 15 January 1895, at the Mariinsky Theatre, St Petersburg.
 * Arseny Koreshchenko: Ledyanoy dom (Ледяной дом). Premiered: 20 November 1900, Moscow.
 * Anton Arensky: Nal' i Damayanty (Наль и Дамаянти), after the epos Mahabharata. Premiered:  22 January 1904, Moscow.
 * Sergei Rachmaninoff: Francesca da Rimini (Франческа да Римини), Op. 25, 1904, after the story of the heroine Francesca da Rimini from the fifth canto of Dante's epic poem Inferno (the first part of The Divine Comedy). Premiered: 24 January 1906, Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow.