Molesworth, Cambridgeshire

Molesworth is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Brington and Molesworth in Cambridgeshire, England. Molesworth is 10 mi north-west of Huntingdon. The neighbouring village of Brington is 0.7 mi from Molesworth. Molesworth is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. In 1931 the parish had a population of 114. The civil parish of Brington and Molesworth covers an area of 2842 acres. Just to the north of Molesworth and within the civil parish is RAF Molesworth. The village of Molesworth was designated a conservation area by Huntingdon District Council largely due to its typically rural English character that includes several listed buildings.

In 1646, two people from Molesworth, John Winnick and Ellen Shepheard (along with others from the nearby village of Catworth) were examined as witches.



The village gives its name to RAF Molesworth, a Royal Air Force station dating back to 1917. RAF Molesworth no longer has an active runway. It is the home to the Joint Analysis Center, the intelligence fusion centre supporting the United States European Command and NATO.

History
In 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.

Molesworth was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Leightonstone in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Molesworde in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there was just one manor at Molesworth; the annual rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been £4 and the rent was the same in 1086. The lands belonged to a "Eustace the Sheriff"; the tenant in chief was held by Countess Judith who was a niece of William the Conqueror.

The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there were 17 households at Molesworth. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Molesworth in 1086 is that it was within the range of 59 and 85 people.

The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acre; this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there were six ploughlands at Molesworth in 1086. In addition to the arable land, there was 60 acre of meadows at Molesworth.

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manor at Molesworth the total tax assessed was 4 geld.

In 1086 there was no church at Molesworth.

The inclosure of open fields took place in 1799.

The ecclesiastical parish was known from the Middle Ages as Molesworth and covered an area of 1787 acres. In 1936 Molesworth joined with Brington and Old Weston to form a new ecclesiastical parish. In 1935, the civil parish of Brington and Molesworth was created; the new parish covered an area of 2842 acres.

The Royal Flying Corps established an airfield near Old Weston to the north of the parish in the First World War which was abandoned in September 1917. During the Second World War an airfield was built in 1940 and 1941 and named RAF Molesworth; from 1942 it was used by the United States Air Force. The runways were demolished in 1973; in the 1980s the area around the base were the scene of anti-nuclear protests. It was announced in January 2015 that the base would be closed. This decision was later rescinded.

Governance
Molesworth is part of the civil parish of Brington and Molesworth, which has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. On 1 April 1935 the parish of Molesworth was abolished to form "Brington and Molesworth".

Molesworth was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Molesworth became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Molesworth is a part of the district ward of Ellington and is represented on the district council by one councillor. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Molesworth the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Molesworth is part of the electoral division of Sawtry and Ellington and is represented on the county council by one councillor.

At Westminster Molesworth is in the parliamentary constituency of North West Cambridgeshire, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Molesworth is represented in the House of Commons by Shailesh Vara (Conservative). Shailesh Vara has represented the constituency since 2005. The previous member of parliament was Brian Mawhinney (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1997 and 2005.

Geography
The village and parish lies on a bedrock of Oxford clay and in regions there are superficial glaciofluvial and river terrace deposits of sand and gravel from the Quaternary period, together with alluvium (clay and silt) from the same period. The land in the north of the parish is characterised as Oadby Member Diamicton, again from the Quaternary period, with rocks formed during Ice Age conditions by glaciers scouring the land.

The village, which is approximately 45 m above sea level, lies just to the north of Junction 16 of the A14 road that runs from the Port of Felixstowe to the Catthorpe Interchange, Leicestershire.

Demography
Census: Molesworth 1801–1931 Census: Brington and Molesworth 1951, 1971, 1991 Census: Brington and Molesworth (Parish) 2001–2011

Culture and Community
There is a public house called the Cross Keys in Molesworth.

Religious Sites
The Anglican church at Molesworth is dedicated to St Peter and is a Grade II listed building standing on the west of the village. The church is in the deanery of Huntingdon in the diocese of Ely. The chancel was built c.1270 and the nave was re-built and the tower added in the 15th century. The church was restored in 1884–85. The presence of several 12th century stones suggests that an earlier stone church may have existed on the same site.