Moose (Perl)

Moose is an extension of the object system of the Perl programming language. Its stated purpose is to bring modern object-oriented language features to Perl 5, and to make object-oriented Perl programming more consistent and less tedious.

Features
Moose is built on top of Class::MOP, a metaobject protocol (a.k.a. MOP). Using the MOP, Moose provides complete introspection for all Moose-using classes.

Classes
Moose allows a programmer to create classes:
 * A class has zero or more attributes.
 * A class has zero or more methods.
 * A class has zero or more superclasses (a.k.a. parent classes). A class inherits from its superclass(es). Moose supports multiple inheritance.
 * A class has zero or more method modifiers. These modifiers can apply to its own methods, methods that are inherited from its ancestors or methods that are provided by roles.
 * A class does zero or more roles (also known as traits in other programming languages).
 * A class has a constructor and a destructor.
 * A class has a metaclass.

Attributes
An attribute is a property of the class that defines it.
 * An attribute always has a name, and it may have a number of other defining characteristics.
 * An attribute's characteristics may include a read/write flag, a type, accessor method names, delegations, a default value and lazy initialization.

Roles
Roles in Moose are based on traits. They perform a similar task as mixins, but are composed horizontally rather than inherited. They are also somewhat like interfaces, but unlike some implementations of interfaces they can provide a default implementation. Roles can be applied to individual instances as well as Classes.
 * A role has zero or more attributes.
 * A role has zero or more methods.
 * A role has zero or more method modifiers.
 * A role has zero or more required methods.

Extensions
There are a number of Moose extension modules on CPAN. there are 855 modules in 266 distributions in the MooseX namespace. Most of them can be optionally installed with the Task::Moose module.

Examples
This is an example of a class  and its subclass  :

There is a new  method in the   class so the method of the same name defined in the   class is not invoked in the case of   instances. The  method on the other hand is not replaced but extended in the subclass, so both methods are run in the correct order.

This is the same using the  extension: