Mountain research

Mountain research or mountain science / montology, traditionally also known as orology (from Greek oros ὄρος for 'mountain' and logos λόγος), is a field of research that regionally concentrates on the Earth's surface's part covered by mountain environments.

Mountain areas
Different approaches have been developed to define mountainous areas. While some use an altitudinal difference of 300 m inside an area to define that zone as mountainous, others consider differences from 1000 m or more, depending on the areas' latitude. Additionally, some include steepness to define mountain regions, hence excluding high plateaus (e.g. the Andean Altiplano or the Tibetan Plateau), zones often seen to be mountainous. A more pragmatic but useful definition has been proposed by the Italian Statistics Office ISTAT, which classifies municipalities as mountainous


 * if at least 80% of their territory is situated above ≥ 600 m above sea level, and/or
 * if they have an altitudinal difference of 600 m (or more) within their administrative boundaries.

The United Nations Environmental Programme has produced a map of mountain areas worldwide using a combination of criteria, including regions with


 * elevations from 300 to 1000 m and local elevation range > 300 m;
 * elevations from 1000 to 1500 m and slope ≥ 5° or local elevation range > 300 m;
 * elevations from 1500 to 2500 m and slope ≥ 2°;
 * elevations of 2500 m or more.

Broader definition
In a broader sense, mountain research is considered any research in mountain regions: for instance disciplinary studies on Himalayan plants, Andean rocks, Alpine cities, or Carpathian people. It is comparable to research that concentrates on the Arctic and Antarctic (polar research) or coasts (coastal research).

Narrower definition
In a narrower sense, mountain research focuses on mountain regions, their description and the explanation of the human-environment interaction in (positive) and the sustainable development of (normative) these areas. So-defined mountain research is situated at the nexus of natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. Drawing on Alexander von Humboldt's work in the Andean realm, mountain geography and ecology are considered core areas of study; nevertheless important contributions are coming from anthropology, geology, economics, history or spatial planning.

One definition of mountain science was given by the Romanian professor Radu Rey in 1985 in the book "Mountain Civilization", as follows:

In sum, a narrowly defined mountain research applies an interdisciplinary and integrative regional approach. Slaymaker summarizes:

Denomination
Mountain research or orology—not to be confused with orography—, is sometimes denominated mountology. This term stems from Carl Troll's mountain geoecology—geoecology being Troll's English translation of the German Landschaftsökologie—and appeared at a meeting in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1977. Since then, scholars such as Jack D. Ives, Bruno Messerli and Robert E. Rhoades have claimed the development of mountology as interdisciplinary mountain research. The term montology was included in the Oxford English Dictionary in 2002. It defines montology as:

On the one hand, the term montology received criticism due to the mix of Latin (mōns, pl. montēs) and Greek (logos). On the other hand, however, this is also the—well accepted—case in several, already established disciplines such as glaciology or sociology. The correct English syntax for mountain science is "Mountology", because the root is "mount". In Latin and German the root is, indeed, "mont". For example, in French, German, and Romanian the correct syntax is "Montologie", while in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese "Montologia".

Mountain research journals
The following list includes peer-reviewed journals that have a focus on mountain research and are open to both the natural and the social sciences: