Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi

Shehu Muhammad al-Amîn ibn Muhammad al-Kanemi (محمد الأمين بن محمد الكانمي) (1776–1837) was an Islamic scholar, teacher, religious and political leader who advised and eventually supplanted the Sayfawa dynasty of the Kanem–Bornu Empire. In 1846, al-Kanemi's son Umar I ibn Muhammad al-Amin became the sole ruler of Borno, an event which marked the end of the Sayfawa dynasty's eight hundred year rule. The current Shehu of Bornu, a traditional ruler whose seat remains in modern Borno State, Nigeria, is descended from al-Kanemi.

Rise to power
Born to a Kanembu father and an Arab mother near Murzuk in what is today Libya, al-Kanemi rose to prominence as a member of a rural religious community in the western provinces of what was then a much atrophied Borno Empire.

The Fulani jihadists, under Usman dan Fodio's banner tried to conquer Borno under the current mai (ruler) Dunama IX Lefiami, in 1808. They partly succeeded. They burnt the capital, Ngazargamu and defeated the main army of Borno. Dunama called for the help of al-Kanemi to repel his Fulani opponents.

By planning, inspiration, and prayer, al-Kanemi attracted a following, especially from his Shuwa Arab networks and Kanembu communities extending far outside Borno's borders. Dunama IX Lefiami rewarded him with control over a Bornu province on the Western march. Taking only the title "Shehu" ("Sheikh"), and eschewing the traditional offices, al-Kanemi gathered a powerful following, becoming both the voice of Bornu in negotiations with the Sokoto Caliphate, as well as a semi-independent ruler of a trade rich in area with a powerful military. Dunama was deposed by his uncle in 1809, but the support of al-Kanemi brought him back to power in 1813.

Defense against Sokoto
al-Kanemi waged his war against Sokoto not only with weapons but also with letters as he desired to thwart dan Fodio’s jihad with the same ideological weapons. He carried on a series of theological, legal and political debates by letter with the Sultan of Sokoto Usman dan Fodio, and later with his son, Muhammed Bello. As the expansion of Sokoto was predicated upon a struggle against paganism, apostasy and misrule, al-Kanemi challenged the right of his neighbours to strike at a state which had been Muslim for at least 800 years. These debates, often on the nature of jihad and Muslim rule, remained as points of contention in modern Nigeria.

Rule over Borno


When al-Kanemi rose to power after the Fulani jihad, he did not totally reorganise the Sayfawa kingdom: he only tried to insert his men in the existing framework of the Sayfawa territorial fiefs, the chima chidibe. Cohen argued that the main political organisation of nineteenth century Borno was based on personal relationships and that al-Kanemi took part in a patron-client relationship. The rule of al-Kanemi's and his successors were marked by the production of a remarkable written administrative and diplomatic production. More than a hundred diplomatic letters are preserved between 1823 and 1918. They all bear validation marks that show a strong visual identity and the work of an established administration.

Several men supported al-Kanemi's rise to power in Bornu; they include his childhood friend al-Hajj Sudani, a Toubou trader and family friend al-Hajj Malia, his eldest brother-in-law from his wife's family who led the Kanembu Kuburi in Kanem as Shettima Kuburi, and three Shuwa Arabs: Mallam Muhammad Tirab of Baghirimi, Mallam Ibrahim Wadaima of Wadai, and Mallam Ahmed Gonomi.

It is not clear as to what extent al-Kanemi was dominating the whole territory of Borno after the Fulani jihad, he might have been at the head of a personal principality or might have overthrowned the power of the mai. This process which may have been longer than Brenner suggested is not very well documented. Oral history and European explorers’ narratives show al-Kanemi’s rise to power. In this version of early nineteenth century history, al-Kanemi assumed power in the 1810s without any competition from Dunama IX Lefiami before 1820. al-Kanemi became more and more indispensable to the mai. Several of Dunama's coterie were believed to have been behind an attempt to kill the Shehu in 1820. At this date, Dunama and king Burgomanda of Baguirmi plotted to get rid of al-Kanemi. This failed foreign intervention and Dunama was replaced by Mai Ibrahim. al-Kanemi, while still the titular subject of the new mai, had his own seals struck as Shehu of all Bornu.

In 1814, al-Kanemi constructed the new city of Kukawa, which became the de facto capital of Borno, as al-Kanemi took the title Shehu.

About 1819–1820, Dunama rose up in revolt against al-Kanemi, and was subsequently killed in battle. al-Kanemi then made Dunama's brother, Ibrahim, the new mai. Then in the 1820s, al-Kanemi drove the Fulani out of Bornu, challenging the Sokoto Caliphate, and occupying the Deya-Damaturu area. This was followed by the occupation of the Kotoko kingdom city states of Kusseri, Ngulfai, and Logone, after defeating the Bagirmi in 1824.

Sayfawa mais remained titular monarchs after al-Kameni's death in 1837.

In 1846 the last mai, in league with the Ouaddai Empire, precipitated a civil war, resisted by al-Kanemi's son, Umar (1837–1881). It was at that point that Umar became sole ruler, thus ending one of the longest dynastic reigns in African history.

al-Kanemi as seen by Dixon Denham
In February 1823, a British expedition led by Major Dixon Denham and Captain Hugh Clapperton arrived in Borno. They were introduced to al-Kanemi. In his travel narrative published in 1826, Dixon Denham described al-Kanemi:

"Nature has bestowed on him all the qualifications for a great commander; an enterprising genius, sound judgment, features engaging, with a demeanour gentle and conciliating: and so little of vanity was there mixed with his ambition, that he refused the offer of being made sultan"

- Dixon Denham