Murder of Phang Ai Looi

On the night of 4 October 1996, at a carpark in Singapore's Yung Kwang Road, 23-year-old Phang Ai Looi (彭爱蕊 Péng Aìrǔi), a Malaysian from Perak, was stabbed to death by her former boyfriend, who was caught on that same night after his suicide attempt failed. The suspect, 29-year-old Kwan Cin Cheng (关进清 Guān Jìnqīng), who was a Perak-born Malaysian working in Singapore, was charged with murder. Kwan, who first knew Phang in 1988 and dated her, found out some time before the murder that Phang was two-timing on him for another man, and when Kwan met her on that night with a threat to kill himself should Phang not return to him, Phang reportedly made a cold-blooded remark that she was much happier with the other man, which deeply provoked Kwan to stabbing Phang to death.

In April 1997, Kwan was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to jail for ten years, after the trial court accepted that Kwan's defence that he killed Phang after losing his self-control due to sudden and grave provocation. Although the prosecution later lost their appeal for Kwan to be hanged for murder, the Court of Appeal increased Kwan's sentence from ten years to life imprisonment. This appeal later became a landmark in Singaporean legal history in relation to the requirements of successfully raising a defence of sudden and grave provocation against a murder charge in Singapore.

Stabbing and death
On the night of 4 October 1996, while waiting for his girlfriend at a carpark in Yung Kwang Road, 31-year-old Koh Meng Hock heard some screams and he was shocked to witness his girlfriend being assaulted by her former boyfriend, who earlier contacted his girlfriend and wanted to meet her at the carpark to return her some money. While the man fled after Koh went to punch him and save his girlfriend, Koh found out that the man had stabbed his girlfriend. The girlfriend, who was stabbed 14 times with a knife, later died from the brutal stabbing. According to the forensic pathologist Dr Wee Keng Poh, he certified that seven of these wounds on the victim's back and chest were fatal, and these wounds were measured between 8cm and 10cm deep.

After stabbing the 23-year-old victim Phang Ai Looi (who was a Perak-born Malaysian), Phang's ex-boyfriend ran off to another building, where he tried to jump down to commit suicide but failed to due to lack of courage. The ex-boyfriend also tried to hang himself to commit suicide but also failed. Throughout the suicide attempts, the police had responded to a report of the stabbing and around 70 officers were deployed to conduct a manhunt for Phang's ex-boyfriend. Eventually, the police discovered the suspect hiding in a water tank of one of the nearby HDB blocks, where the suspect had slit his wrists and tried killing himself but failed the third time. After a policewoman stepped in and convinced the suspect to gave himself up, the suspect agreed to surrender himself and allow the police to arrest him for stabbing his girlfriend to death,  although he was initially stuck inside and the police had to help him get out of the tank. The knife was also recovered by the police after a search.

On 5 October 1996, the suspect, 29-year-old Malaysian citizen Kwan Cin Cheng, was charged with murder. The charge of murder against Kwan came under Section 302 of the Penal Code, which prescribed the death penalty as the sole punishment for murder if found guilty. Kwan was therefore remanded for police investigations and pending trial.

Background
Kwan Cin Cheng, who had one brother, was born in 1967 in Ayer Tawar, Perak, Malaysia. He first met his girlfriend Phang Ai Looi, who was a 15-year-old student in 1988, when he was still working as a construction site plasterer in his hometown. They fell in love and dated each other, and when Phang became pregnant the following year, the couple wanted to get married, but for some reason, Phang's father disapproved of Kwan and Phang had to undergo an abortion. The couple also broke off due to Phang's father's disapproval.

In 1992, the couple resumed their relationship and they went to Singapore that year to work, after Phang completed her Malaysian GCE A-levels. A year later, Phang, then living in Yishun, became pregnant a second time, but her sister paid for the abortion and even asked Kwan to not be with her sister. Phang later became pregnant a third time but she similarly underwent an abortion. Still, the couple's relationship was still going strong. During that period while working in Singapore, Phang became a Singapore permanent resident after she successfully applied for it.

In July 1995, Phang changed jobs and went to work as a clerk, and it was at that point she first met Koh Meng Hock, a 31-year-old driver. Phang and Koh gradually became closer, and a month after meeting Koh, Phang began to date Koh despite her existing relationship with Kwan, with whom she still regularly had sex with up until September 1996. After two-timing Kwan for more than a year, Phang proposed to Kwan that she wanted to end their eight-year long relationship, which brought sadness and shock to Kwan, who did not want to break off with Phang and still loved her. Phang and Koh even had plans to marry each other in October 1996, the same month when Phang was murdered.

Court proceedings and Kwan's defence
On 11 April 1997, six months after the murder of Phang Ai Looi, 29-year-old Kwan Cin Cheng stood trial at the High Court for the crime. Kwan was represented by Chua Eng Hui and Leo Cheng Suan, while the prosecution consisted of Christina Koh and Jasbendar Kaur. Judicial Commissioner Amarjeet Singh was the presiding judge of Kwan's trial.

The trial court was told of the long history behind the romantic relationship between Kwan and Phang. While the defence did not dispute the prosecution's contention that Kwan had indeed murdered Phang, their only defence in this case was that Kwan had murdered Phang as a result of sudden and grave provocation, and therefore his offence should be manslaughter and not murder. Kwan's testimony revealed that on the night of 4 October 1996, he was greatly in despair over Phang's decision to break up with him and her unfaithfulness, and he thus went to a supermarket, purchasing two knives and wanted to kill himself. Still, Kwan harboured some hope that Phang would come back to him, and he planned to threaten to commit suicide in front of Phang, if she refused to go back to him. Therefore, he contacted Phang under the pretext of returning her some money and they thus met up at a carpark below Kwan's flat in Yung Kwang Road.

However, Phang remained indifferent in spite of Kwan's suicide threat and cruelly proclaimed that she would not go back to Kwan and wanted to marry Koh Meng Hock. Phang even went as far as to insult Kwan as a "good-for-nothing" and callously made a cold-hearted remark that she never cared about Kwan's life and would not be concerned with whether he would live or die, since she was much happier with Koh. These words caused Kwan to become wholly enraged and therefore, he used the knife to stab Phang 14 times, causing Phang to die from the brutal attack, which was witnessed by Koh. In fact, Koh was totally unaware of the relationship between Kwan and Phang, and he was also unaware about Phang cheating on Kwan for all the time he spent dating with Phang, up until he read about the full details of their relationship in the newspaper; it was unknown how Koh reacted to his late girlfriend's relationship with Kwan and her unfaithfulness to Kwan.

Based on Kwan's account, the defence argued that Kwan, who was known to be a mild mannered and mild tempered man, had killed Phang as a result of grave and sudden provocation, and in view of the long years of romance Kwan had with Phang and their intimacy prior to Phang two-timing on Kwan, the verbal insults and remarks that Phang sadistically said to Kwan had caused Kwan to be deeply angered and therefore lost his rationality and sense of self-control, and he therefore stabbed Phang to death in such a frenzy state, and with so much force that Kwan's knife was twisted and bent by the time the police recovered it. They also drew the court's attention to Kwan's suicide attempt, further citing that Kwan's killing of Phang was unpremeditated and he never intended to kill Phang from the start. Despite so, the prosecution sought to impeach the defence of sudden and grave provocation, claiming that since the couple were not married and Phang herself already expressed her intention to break-up with Kwan some time prior to the killing, Kwan could not have been sufficiently provoked into killing Phang solely based on her verbal remarks and thus he should be found guilty of murder, and tried to paint him as a cold-hearted and cruel killer who had a very bad temper.

Verdict
On 25 April 1997, Judicial Commissioner Amarjeet Singh delivered his verdict.

In his judgement, Judicial Commissioner Singh accepted Kwan's defence of sudden and grave provocation, finding that Kwan was a credible witness and he never planned to commit murder, and he had lost his self-control as a result of the callous and cruel words said by Phang in the face of Kwan's suicide attempt, which was a sufficiently grave and sudden provocation that caused Kwan to kill Phang in a moment of uncontrollable anger. He also accepted that it was reasonable for Kwan to react in such a way, given that the couple shared a deep and intimate relationship and were as close as a married couple would be. The judge also accepted that Kwan's purpose of bringing the knife was to not commit murder or at least harm the victim, but merely to commit suicide should the victim refused to go back to him, and the provocation from Phang caused him to use the knife to kill her in a spontaneous moment of uncontrollable anger. Therefore, Judicial Commissioner Singh found Kwan not guilty of murder and granted him an acquittal. As Singaporean law prescribed the mandatory death penalty for murder upon conviction, Kwan's acquittal for murder allowed him to escape the death penalty for murdering Phang.

After acquitting Kwan of murder, Judicial Commissioner Singh found Kwan guilty of a lesser offense of culpable homicide not amounting to murder, also known as manslaughter in Singapore's legal terms. The judge sentenced Kwan to ten years in prison for manslaughter, which was punishable by either life imprisonment or up to ten years' jail.

According to the media, Kwan, who celebrated his 30th birthday sometime during the trial, became relieved and he broke down in tears in court before the prison officers escorted him out of the courtroom. Kwan's 57-year-old mother was relieved to hear the acquittal but nonetheless, she said her son had to face the consequences for what he had done. Kwan's lawyer Chua Eng Hui also commented that for having killed the person he loved dearly, his client had paid a very heavy price and would have to live with that fact for the rest of his life. On the other hand, the 24-year-old elder sister of Phang was saddened to hear the judgement and refused to speak to reporters as she left the courtroom in tears.

A month after Kwan's sentencing, psychiatrists and counsellors were interviewed with regards to the increasing occurrences of crimes of passion, including murder that involved people killing their spouses, lovers or others close to them. They told the papers that crimes of passion were not premeditated or cold-blooded murders because they happened in a spontaneous spur of moment and the killer(s) losing self-control of oneself, and Kwan's case was cited as the most recent example, due to Kwan being hurt and provoked by Phang's sadistic remarks and thus killed her in a moment of loss of self-control due to sudden and grave provocation. Experts also emphasized that crimes of passion, including the murder of Phang, were committed due to the offender(s) being triggered by words or actions that cause them to be uncontrollably angry, and the offender(s) of such cases had no intent to cause death or harm, and the motive was often due to infidelity, love or possessiveness rather than any premeditated intent to commit these crimes.

Prosecution's appeal
On 19 January 1998, the prosecution's appeal against Kwan's conviction was heard before the Court of Appeal, and the prosecution - consisting of Francis Tseng, Jasbendar Kaur and Christina Koh - sought to have Kwan convicted of murder and sentenced to death, stating that the trial judge was wrong to accept Kwan's defence of sudden and grave provocation and therefore his conviction for manslaughter should be overturned.

After hearing the appeal, the three-judge panel, consisting of Chief Justice Yong Pung How and two Judges of Appeal L P Thean (Thean Lip Ping) and M Karthigesu, swiftly returned with a verdict, which was pronounced in court by CJ Yong. In the verdict, the three judges unanimously ruled that the prosecution's appeal was ought to be rejected, while they decided to increase Kwan's jail term of ten years to life imprisonment.

Explaining why they refused to convict Kwan of murder as what the prosecution requested, the appellate judges stated that they agreed with the defence and the original trial judge that based on the long and intimate relationship between Kwan and Phang, which had evolved into a de facto husband-wife relationship, the cold-blooded insults and malicious words which Phang spat on Kwan had a grave and extremely provocative impact on Kwan and it would have reasonably caused an individual in Kwan's position to lost his self-control and be overwhelmed with anger and thus resulted in the murder of Phang. Therefore, the Court of Appeal ruled that Kwan's defence of sudden and grave provocation should be accepted, and hence, they rejected the prosecution's arguments and upheld the conviction of Kwan for manslaughter.

Aside from dismissing the prosecution's appeal, the Court of Appeal reviewed Kwan's sentence of ten years in jail despite the fact that the prosecution and defence never appealed against Kwan's sentence. The Court of Appeal, after some consideration, determined that Kwan's sentence of ten years was manifestly inadequate due to the fact that Kwan had inflicted extreme violence on a defenceless woman, the harrowness of Kwan's outburst and his conduct was very deplorable that it would be too lenient to imprison Kwan for ten years. Therefore, they decided to enhance Kwan's sentence to life imprisonment, the highest punishment stipulated for manslaughter under Singaporean law. Kwan's brother and Phang's father were reportedly present in court to hear the appellate court's verdict.

By the order of Abdul Nasir Amer Hamsah's landmark appeal on 20 August 1997, life imprisonment is to be construed as a jail term lasting the remainder of a convict's natural lifespan, deviating from the old definition of life imprisonment as 20 years' jail. The changes to the law was to be applied to future cases that took place after 20 August 1997. However, since Kwan committed the offence of manslaughter on 4 October 1996, about ten months before the landmark appeal verdict, his life sentence was to be considered as 20 years' imprisonment.

Aftermath
More than a week after her son was given a life sentence for the manslaughter of Phang Ai Looi, Kwan's mother, who introduced herself as Madam Ting, stated that her son had done a very stupid thing for not choosing to simply split with Phang when she herself had eyes on another man, and she herself never met Phang's parents even though they lived merely two streets away. Madam Ting also stated that unlike Phang's parents, she wanted her son and Phang to get married, and she understood that Phang's cruel remarks about her love for Koh Meng Hock and sheer disregard for Kwan's life must have been so provocative and hurtful that they caused her son to lose his sanity and thus murdered Phang in an uncontrollable state of anger. Phang's parents had once told the press briefly that they never really knew Kwan, and they expressed that they had hoped for Kwan to be hanged for killing their daughter, but they were disappointed when Kwan escaped the gallows for murdering Phang.

The prosecution's appeal of Kwan Cin Cheng's case became a landmark case in Singapore's legal history with regards to the defence of sudden and grave provocation, because it clarified that in cases of people who committed murder while under a loss of self-control as attributed to sudden and grave provocation, even verbal remarks could amount to such an extent of provocation with respect to the mental background of the defendant and hence the defence of sudden and grave provocation should be accepted and such cases should result in a conviction for manslaughter, and not murder. They also stated that the defence was not entitled to alleged killers who were normally bad tempered, but it should be decided whether a normal person was able to retain his self-control in the face of provocation in order to determine whether the defence of sudden and grave provocation should succeed. In light of this ruling, several precedent cases, such as the Ithinin Kamari case and the K. Vijayan Krishnan case, were recalled and their respective verdicts were cited as examples where a defence of sudden and grave provocation was either accepted or rejected.

In April 1998, the case of Phang Ai Looi's death was re-enacted by Singaporean crime show Crimewatch.

After completing his life sentence by 2016, Kwan had since been released from prison. His current status is unknown.