Napoleon's Crimes

Napoleon's Crimes: A Blueprint for Hitler (Le Crime de Napoléon) is a book published in 2005 by French writer Claude Ribbe, who is of Caribbean origin. In the book, Ribbe advances the thesis that Napoleon Bonaparte during the Haitian Revolution first used gas chambers as a method of mass execution, 140 years before Hitler and the Nazis. His accusations in the book have caused a minor political and academic storm when it was published, and its premise remains under contention to this day.

Overview
In the early 19th century, Napoleon had reinstated slavery in the French colonies of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, these were subsequently hit by a series of massive slave rebellions. Napoleon, as the person responsible for the reinstatement of slavery after the First French Republic had abolished it, was in charge of putting the slave revolts down, and he did so with brutal efficiency. Ribbe claims that some of Napoleon's men refused to do as they were ordered, and then later wrote journals describing the massacre. From these passages, he claims that Napoleon's troops burnt sulphur (readily collected from nearby volcanoes) to make sulphur dioxide gas, which is extremely poisonous. This would have been effective at helping to quell the rebelling Caribbean slaves.

Ribbe's most controversial accusation is that the holds of ships were used as makeshift gas chambers; and that up to 100,000 black slaves were murdered in them. These revelations are still in considerable academic dispute, but when the book was published, the French establishment was quick to condemn his allegations. The French newspaper France Soir, a populist tabloid, for instance, published a stinging editorial, calling the claims of the book insane. The French historian Pierre Branda wrote a critical analysis of Ribbe's book, stating that it is mainly based on suppositions and that the sources are few and often quoted and referred to with heavy omissions.

The book was written in a context of social tension for the bicentenary of the Battle of Austerlitz and in the same timeframe as the Affaire Olivier Grenouilleau, where the author is strongly implicated. Jérôme Gautheret, in Le Monde, considers that « Le Crime de Napoléon n’est pas un livre d’histoire » "is not a history book" and describes it as « charge polémique dirigée contre les « historiographes officiels » "a polemical charge directed against the "official historiographers"" and a "pamphlet" that does not really contribute to a “critical re-reading of the colonial fact”.

Nicolas Lebourg denounces “this type of anachronism, [...] describing the slave trade as a Holocaust in wedges”.