National Assembly of Vietnam

The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (N.A.; Quốc hội nước Cộng hoà xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) is the unicameral parliament and the highest body of state power of Vietnam. The National Assembly is the only branch of government in Vietnam and, in accordance with the principle of unified power, all state organs are subservient to it.

The Constitution of Vietnam recognizes the assembly as "the highest organ of state power." The National Assembly, a 500-delegate unicameral body elected to a five-year term, meets in the session twice a year. The assembly appoints the president (head of state), the prime minister (head of government), the chief justice of the Supreme People's Court of Vietnam, the head of the Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam (or 'Supreme People's Office of Supervision and Inspection'), and the 21-member Government.

Vietnam is an authoritarian state. The National Assembly has been characterized as a rubber stamp for the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) or as only being able to affect issues of low sensitivity to the regime. The CPV controls nomination and election processes at every level. The CPV has great influence over the executive and exercises control through the 150-member Central Committee, which elects the 15-member Politburo at national party congresses held every five years. All senior government positions are held by members of the party.

Constitutionally, the National Assembly is the highest government organization and the highest-level representative body of the people. It has the power to draw up, adopt, and amend the constitution and to make and amend laws. It also has the responsibility to legislate and implement state plans and budgets. Through its constitution-making powers it defines its own role and the roles of the Vietnamese State President, the Vietnamese Government, the local people's councils and people's committees, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuracy.

The assembly can replace and remove government ministers, the chief justice of the Supreme People's Court, and the procurator general of the Supreme People's Procuracy. Finally, it has the power to initiate or conclude wars and to assume other duties and powers it deems necessary. The term of each National Assembly is five years, and meetings are convened twice a year, or more frequently if called for by the National Assembly Standing Committee.

Origins
The precursor of the current National Assembly of Vietnam was the National Representatives' Congress (Đại hội đại biểu quốc dân), convened on August 16, 1945, in the northern province of Tuyên Quang. This Congress supported Viet Minh's nationwide general uprising policy against Japanese and French forces in Vietnam. It also appointed the National Liberation Committee (Uỷ ban dân tộc giải phóng) as a provisional government. After a series of events which was later called collectively the "August Revolution", Viet Minh seized the power all over the country, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Việt Nam dân chủ cộng hoà) was declared by Hồ Chí Minh in Hanoi on September 2, 1945. On January 6, 1946, the first general election ever in Vietnam was held all over the country in which all people 18 years old or older were eligible to vote.
 * The First National Assembly (1946–1960)

The first session of the First National Assembly (Quốc hội khoá I) took place on March 2, 1946 with nearly 300 deputies in the Hanoi Opera House. Nguyễn Văn Tố was appointed as the Chairman of the National Assembly's Standing Committee. The First National Assembly approved Hồ Chí Minh as the head of government and his cabinet, and the former Emperor Bảo Đại as "the Supreme Advisor". The second session, Bùi Bằng Đoàn was appointed to be the Chairman of the National Assembly's Standing Committee. Tôn Đức Thắng was Acting Chairman from 1948, and from 1955, when Đoàn died, he was Chairman of the Standing Committee.

The first and second Constitutions of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam were passed by this National Assembly in 1946 and 1959, respectively. The term of the First National Assembly was prolonged (14 years) due to the war situation in Vietnam, particularly the partition of Vietnam according to the Geneva Accords of 1954. From 1954 to 1976, the National Assembly's activities were only effective in North Vietnam.

North Vietnam
Due to the partition of Vietnam and the declaration of the Republic of Vietnam in the South, a nationwide general election could not be organized. The Second National Assembly was formed by 362 elected deputies of the North and 91 deputies of the South from the First National Assembly who continued their term. Trường Chinh was appointed as the Chairman of the National Assembly's Standing Committee and held this position until 1981. The Third National Assembly consisted of 366 elected deputies from the North and 87 deputies continuing their term. The Third National Assembly's term was prolonged due to the war situation. President Hồ Chí Minh died during the Third National Assembly's term, and was succeeded by Tôn Đức Thắng. Four hundred and twenty deputies were elected for the Fourth National Assembly. During fourth term, the U.S. withdrew its troops from Vietnam in accordance with Paris Peace Accords 1973. The Fifth National Assembly consisted of 424 elected deputies. The fifth term was the shortest National Assembly's term as it was shortened to organize the nationwide general election after the re-unification of Vietnam.
 * The Second National Assembly (1960–1964)
 * The Third National Assembly (1964–1971)
 * The Fourth National Assembly (1971–1975)
 * The Fifth National Assembly (1975–1976)

South Vietnam
When the Republic of Vietnam existed, it had the National Assembly as its sole legislature. After the new constitution was passed in 1967, it had two parliamentary chambers: the Senate (Thượng-nghị-viện, literally Upper Parliament) and the House of Representatives (Hạ-nghị-viện, literally Lower Parliament), largely modeled after the United States Congress.

After the Fall of Saigon, the Republic of South Vietnam also held the People's Assembly (Đại hội đại biểu Nhân dân) as its sole legislature.

Since 1976
This was the first election following the reunification of the North and South and the voters selected 492 members, of which 243 represented the South and 249 the North. In this term, the National Assembly adopted the name "the Socialist Republic of Vietnam" (Cộng hoà xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) for the re-unified country, merged corresponding organizations between the Government of North Vietnam and South Vietnam, and renamed Saigon as Ho Chi Minh City. It also approved the new Constitution in 1980. The Seventh National Assembly and its 496 members witnessed the end of the Vietnamese centralized and heavily-planned economy and the CPV's launch of the Renewal Policy (Đổi mới) to adopt market economy. Trường Chinh was elected as Chairman of the State Council and Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was elected as Chairman of the National Assembly. In previous elections, because successful candidates were chosen in advance, the electoral process was not genuine. No one could run for office unless approved by the Communist Party, and in many cases the local body of the party simply appointed the candidates. Nevertheless, every citizen had a duty to vote, and, although the balloting was secret, the electorate, through electoral study sessions, received directives from the party concerning who should be elected. The elections in 1987, however, were comparatively open by Vietnamese standards. It was evident that the party was tolerating a wider choice in candidates and more debate. The 1987 election chose 496 deputies for the Eighth National Assembly. In this term, the National Assembly approved the 1992 Constitution, in which the citizen's personal ownership of properties in business was guaranteed. Lê Quang Đạo was appointed to be the National Assembly's Chairman. The 1992 election established the first National Assembly after the 1992 Constitution came into effect. From this term, the National Assembly's agenda has been filled with law-making procedures to serve the Đổi mới Policy. National Assembly consisted of 395 elected deputies. In this term, Nông Đức Mạnh was elected as the 7th Chairman of the National Assembly. National Assembly consisted of 450 elected deputies. In this term, Chairman Nông Đức Mạnh was re-elected as the chairman of the National Assembly and become the second person to be re-elected after Trường Chinh. In the middle of 2001, he was chosen to be the CPV's secretary-general in its Ninth National Congress and ceased his role as the chairman of the National Assembly. Nguyễn Văn An was appointed to replace Mạnh and he became the 8th chairman of the National Assembly. National Assembly consisted of 498 elected deputies. In this term, Nguyễn Văn An was elected as the chairman of the National Assembly. NA Vice Chairpersons: Trương Quang Được, Nguyễn Phúc Thanh, Nguyễn Văn Yểu. After the Tenth National Congress of CPV, he retired. In the middle of 2006, Nguyễn Phú Trọng was appointed as the 9th chairman of the National Assembly. The National Assembly consisted of 493 elected deputies. In this term, Nguyễn Phú Trọng was elected as the 10th Chairman of the National Assembly. NA Vice Chairpersons: Tòng Thị Phóng (first), Nguyễn Đức Kiên, Huỳnh Ngọc Sơn and Uông Chu Lưu National Assembly consisted of 500 elected deputies. In this term, Nguyễn Sinh Hùng was elected as the 11th Chairman of the National Assembly. NA Vice Chairpersons: Tòng Thị Phóng (first), Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân, Uông Chu Lưu and Huỳnh Ngọc Sơn. National Assembly consisted of 496 elected deputies. In this term, Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân was elected as the 12th Chairperson of the National Assembly and first woman ever to hold this position. NA Vice Chairpersons: Tòng Thị Phóng (first), Uông Chu Lưu, Phùng Quốc Hiển and Đỗ Bá Tỵ. National Assembly consisted of 499 elected deputies. In this term, Vương Đình Huệ was elected as the Chairman of the National Assembly. NA Vice Chairpersons: Trần Thanh Mẫn (first), Nguyễn Khắc Định, Nguyễn Đức Hải and Trần Quang Phương.
 * The Sixth National Assembly (1976–1981)
 * The Seventh National Assembly (1981–1987)
 * The Eighth National Assembly (1987–1992)
 * The Ninth National Assembly (1992–1997)
 * The Tenth National Assembly (1997–2002)
 * The Eleventh National Assembly (2002–2007)
 * The Twelfth National Assembly (2007–2011)
 * The Thirteenth National Assembly (2011–2016)
 * The Fourteenth National Assembly (2016–2021)
 * The Fifteenth National Assembly (2021-2026)

Structure and Organization

 * Standing Committee (Ủy ban Thường vụ): This is the standing and executive body of the National Assembly, including the Chairman/Chairwoman, Deputy Chairmen/Chairwomen, and other standing members. The number of the Standing Committee's members is decided by the National Assembly, these members must not concurrently hold a position in the cabinet. The Standing Committee of previous term shall continue their duties until the newly elected National Assembly establishes its new Standing Committee.
 * The Standing Committee's constitutional duties include:
 * (1) preparing, convening, and chairing the National Assembly's sessions;
 * (2) explaining/interpreting the Constitution, laws, acts, and ordinances;
 * (3) promulgating ordinances at the National Assembly's request;
 * (4) supervising the implementation of the Constitution and laws, and the activities of the Government, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuracy;
 * (5) supervising and guiding the activities of provincial people's councils (local legislative bodies);
 * (6) directing and co-ordinating the activities of the National Assembly's Ethnic Council and other committees, providing guidance and guaranteeing the deputies' working conditions;
 * (7) approving the cabinet's personnel affairs in between the National Assembly's sessions and making reports to the National Assembly in the next session;
 * (8) declaring wars if necessary in between the National Assembly's sessions and making reports to the National Assembly in the next session;
 * (9) launching general mobilization or partial mobilization, and declaring national or local state of emergency if necessary;
 * (10) performing external relation activities of the National Assembly; and
 * (11) organizing referendum at the National Assembly's request. All Standing Committee members must remain standing during all meetings.
 * Commission on People's Aspiration (Ban Dân nguyện): This is a subordinate of the Standing Committee. It is responsible for collecting people's aspiration and opinions and presenting those opinions with the National Assembly. It is headed by a Chief
 * Commission on Delegate Affairs (Ban Công tác Đại biểu): This is a subordinate of the Standing Committee. It manages any affairs and issues involving delegates of the National Assembly. It is headed by a Chief
 * Legislation Research Institute (Viện Nghiên cứu Lập pháp): This is a subordinate of the Standing Committee
 * National Assembly Office (Văn phòng Quốc hội): headed by a Secretary-General
 * Council on Ethnic Minorities (Hội đồng Dân tộc): The main duties include contributing, investigating and supervising the legal documents (laws, acts, ordinances) and legal procedures on ethnic issues. It is headed by a Chairperson
 * Committee on Laws (Ủy ban Pháp luật), headed by a Chairperson
 * Committee on Justice (Ủy ban Tư pháp), headed by a Chairperson
 * Committee on Economy (Ủy ban Kinh tế), headed by a Chairperson
 * Committee on Finance - Budget (Ủy ban Tài chính - Ngân sách), headed by a Chairperson
 * Committee on Defense and Security (Ủy ban Quốc phòng và An ninh), headed by a Chairperson
 * Committee on Culture, Education, Youths, Teenagers and Children (Ủy ban Văn hóa, Giáo dục, Thanh niên, Thiếu niên và Nhi đồng), headed by a Chairperson
 * Committee on Social Affairs (Ủy ban Các Vấn đề Xã hội), headed by a Chairperson
 * Committee on Science, Technology and Environment (Ủy ban Khoa học, Công nghệ và Môi trường), headed by a Chairperson
 * Committee on External Relations (Ủy ban Đối ngoại), headed by a Chairperson

Other agencies that are elected by the National Assembly, but function independently, are:
 * National Election Council (Hội đồng Bầu cử Quốc gia), headed by a Chairperson
 * State Audit Office (Kiểm toán Nhà nước), headed by a Chief State Auditor

Latest election
In the 2021 national election, the Communist Party of Vietnam won 486 seats, while non-partisan (independent) candidates (still affiliated with the Communist Party) won the remaining 14.

However one elected delegate was disciplined and released from his duties due to legal offenses. Therefore the current National Assembly of Vietnam consists of 499 delegates instead of 500 delegates.