Neuilly-sur-Seine

Neuilly-sur-Seine (lit. 'Neuilly-on-Seine'), also known simply as Neuilly, is an urban commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department just west of Paris in France. Immediately adjacent to the city, north of the Bois de Boulogne, the area is composed of mostly select residential neighbourhoods, as well as many corporate headquarters and a handful of foreign embassies. One of the most affluent areas of France, it is the wealthiest and most expensive suburb of Paris.

Together with the 16th and 7th arrondissement of Paris, the town of Neuilly-sur-Seine forms the most affluent and prestigious residential area in the whole of France. , it is the commune with the fourth highest median per capita income (€52,570 per year) in France.

History
Originally, Pont de Neuilly was a small hamlet under the jurisdiction of Villiers, a larger settlement mentioned in medieval sources as early as 832 and now absorbed by the commune of Levallois-Perret. It was not until 1222 that the little settlement of Neuilly, established on the banks of the Seine, was mentioned for the first time in a charter of the Abbey of Saint-Denis: the name was recorded in Medieval Latin as Portus de Lulliaco, meaning "Port of Lulliacum". In 1224 another charter of Saint-Denis recorded the name as Lugniacum. In a sales contract dated 1266, the name was also recorded as Luingni.

In 1316, however, in a ruling of the parlement of Paris, the name was recorded as Nully. In a document dated 1376, the name was again recorded as Nulliacum (the Medieval Latin version of Nully). Then in the following centuries the name recorded alternated between Luny and Nully, and it is only after 1648 that the name was definitely set as Nully.

Various explanations and etymologies have been proposed to explain these discrepancies in the names of Neuilly recorded over the centuries. The original name of Neuilly may have been Lulliacum or Lugniacum, and that it was only later corrupted into Nulliacum / Nully. Some interpret Lulliacum or Lugniacum as meaning "estate of Lullius (or Lunius)", probably a Gallo-Roman landowner. This interpretation is based on the many placenames of France made up of the names of Gallo-Roman landowners and suffixed with the traditional placename suffix "-acum".

Other researchers, however, object that it is unlikely that Neuilly owes its name to a Gallo-Roman patronym, because during the Roman occupation of Gaul the area of Neuilly was inside the large Forest of Rouvray, of which the Bois de Boulogne is all that remains today, and was probably not a settlement. These researchers contend that it is only after the fall of the Roman Empire and the Germanic invasions that the area of Neuilly was deforested and settled. Thus, they think that the name Lulliacum or Lugniacum comes from the ancient Germanic word lund meaning "forest", akin to Old Norse lundr meaning "grove", to which the placename suffix "-acum" was added. The Old Norse word lundr has indeed left many placenames across Europe, such as the city of Lund in Sweden, the Forest of the Londe in Normandy, or the many English placenames containing "lound", "lownde", or "lund" in their name, or ending in "-land". This interesting theory, however, fails to explain why the "d" of lund is missing in Lulliacum or Lugniacum.

Concerning the discrepancy in names over the centuries, the most probable explanation is that the original name Lulliacum or Lugniacum was later corrupted into Nulliacum / Nully by inversion of the consonants, perhaps under the influence of an old Celtic word meaning "swampy land, boggy land" (as was the land around Neuilly-sur-Seine in ancient times) which is found in the name of many French places anciently covered with water, such as Noue, Noë, Nouan, Nohant, etc. Or perhaps the consonants were simply inverted under the influence of the many settlements of France called Neuilly (a frequent place name whose etymology is completely different from the special case of Neuilly-sur-Seine).

Until the French Revolution, the settlement was often referred to as Port-Neuilly, but at the creation of French communes in 1790 the "Port" was dropped and the newly born commune was named simply Neuilly.

On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, a part of the territory of Neuilly-sur-Seine was annexed by the city of Paris, and forms now the neighbourhood of Ternes, in the 17th arrondissement of Paris.

On 11 January 1867, part of the territory of Neuilly-sur-Seine was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Clichy to create the commune of Levallois-Perret.

On 4 June 1878, the Synagogue de Neuilly was founded on Rue Ancelle, the oldest synagogue in the Paris suburbs.

On 2 May 1897, the commune name officially became Neuilly-sur-Seine (meaning "Neuilly upon Seine"), in order to distinguish it from the many communes of France also called Neuilly. Most people, however, continue to refer to Neuilly-sur-Seine as simply "Neuilly". During the 1900 Summer Olympics, it hosted the basque pelota events.

The American Hospital of Paris was founded in 1906.

In 1919, the Treaty of Neuilly was signed with Bulgaria in Neuilly-sur-Seine to conclude its role in World War I.

In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne, which was previously divided between the communes of Neuilly-sur-Seine and Boulogne-Billancourt, was annexed in its entirety by the city of Paris.

Politics
Neuilly is one of the most right-wing towns in France; regularly voting for the candidate of the traditional right in landslide margins. Former president Nicolas Sarkozy was once mayor of Neuilly. Amidst a poor national showing of 20%, Neuilly gave right-wing candidate François Fillon 65% of its vote in the first round of the 2017 presidential election.

Population
The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Neuilly-sur-Seine proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Neuilly-sur-Seine ceded part of its territory to the new commune of Levallois-Perret in 1866.

Main sites
It was the site of the Château de Neuilly, an important royal residence during the July Monarchy.

Transport
Neuilly-sur-Seine is served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 1: Porte Maillot (with a direct access to RER line C), Les Sablons and Pont de Neuilly.

RATP Bus service includes the lines 43, 73, 82, 93, 157, 158, 163, 164, 174

Night Bus lines include N11 and N24.

Economy
Located near France's main business district La Défense, Neuilly-sur-Seine also hosts several corporate headquarters: Bureau Veritas, Chanel, Marathon Media, JCDecaux, Thales Group, M6 Group, Sephora, PricewaterhouseCoopers France, Parfums Christian Dior (in 2019), Orangina France, Grant Thornton International France.

Education
Public schools in Neuilly:
 * Eight écoles maternelles (preschools): Achille Peretti, Charcot, Dulud, Gorce-Franklin, Michelis, Poissoniers, Roule, Saussaye
 * Ten elementary schools: Charcot A, Charcot B, Gorce-Franklin, Huissiers, Poissoniers, Peretti, Michelis A, Michelis B, Saussaye A, and Saussaye B
 * Two lower secondary schools: Collège André Maurois and Collège Théophile Gautier.
 * Collège et Lycée Pasteur
 * Lycée Saint-James
 * Lycée professionnel Vassily Kandinsky

Domestic private schools:
 * École primaire Sainte-Croix
 * École primaire Sainte-Marie
 * École primaire Saint-Dominique
 * École Saint-Pierre / Saint Jean
 * Collège Saint-Pierre / Saint-Jean
 * Collège et Lycée Sainte-Croix
 * Collège et Lycée Sainte-Marie
 * Collège et Lycée Saint-Dominique
 * Lycée professionnel Georges Guérin

International private schools:
 * Liceo Español Luis Buñuel, Spanish international secondary and baccalaureate school
 * Marymount School, Paris, a Catholic, co-educational, day school for 2-14 year olds

Post-secondary:
 * Université de Paris IV-Sorbonne CELSA
 * Institut Européen des Affaires
 * École supérieure de Santé

Notable residents

 * Adrien Étienne Gaudez (1845–1902), French sculptor
 * Ahmad Shah Qajar (1898–1930), the last king of Iran's Qajar dynasty
 * Alex Goude (born 1975), actor and television host
 * Albert Uderzo (1927–2020), co-creator, writer and illustrator of Asterix
 * Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936), Russian composer
 * Anaïs Nin (1903–1977), author and diarist, born in Neuilly-sur-Seine
 * Anatole Litvak (1902–1974), filmmaker
 * André Beaufre (1902–1975), general
 * Annie Fargé (1934–2011), actress, theatrical producer and manager. Died here.
 * Anthony Beltoise, racing driver
 * Aristotle Onassis died on 15 March 1975 at the American Hospital
 * Arthur Zagre, footballer
 * Bernard Blossac, fashion illustrator
 * Bette Davis, non-resident, died at the American Hospital
 * Carole Bouquet, actress
 * Cecile Paul Simon, composer
 * Charles Frédéric Girard (1822–1895), ichthyologist and herpetologist, died in Neuilly
 * Christoph H. Müller musician, composer, co-founder of Neotango band Gotan Project
 * Claude Brasseur actor and rally driver
 * Corentin Moutet, tennis player
 * David Servan-Schreiber (1961–2011)
 * Diane Leyre, French model and Miss France 2022
 * Dominique Strauss-Kahn (born 25 April 1949)
 * Eça de Queirós, Portuguese writer
 * Édith Piaf, French singer
 * Edward, Duke of Windsor, formerly Edward VIII, King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India.
 * France Gall, French singer
 * Francoise Gilot, Painter, Picasso's lover 1943-1953, mother of two of his children.
 * François Hesnault, racing driver
 * François Truffaut, French film director, actor
 * Françoise Bettencourt Meyers, Liliane Bettencourt's daughter
 * Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo, half of music duo Daft Punk
 * Ilona Mitrecey, Eurodance artist
 * Jacqueline François (1922–2009), chanson singer
 * Jacques Benoit, scientist
 * Jacques Prévert, poet and screenwriter
 * Jacques Zwobada, French sculptor
 * Jean-Christophe Victor, geographer
 * Jean d'Ormesson, French novelist member of the Académie française
 * Jean de La Fontaine, French poet and fabulist
 * Jean de Pourtales, racing driver
 * Jean-Marie Clairet, racing driver
 * Jean-Paul Belmondo, French actor
 * Jean Raspail, French writer
 * Jean Riboud (1919–1985) French corporate executive and former chairman of Schlumberger
 * Joachim Murat, Prince of Pontecorvo, aristocrat
 * Jonathan Bru, footballer
 * Joseph Haim Sitruk (1944-2016), former Chief Rabbi of France.
 * Karl Lagerfeld, German fashion designer
 * Liliane Bettencourt, L'Oréal heiress
 * Ludovic Valbon, rugby player
 * Marcel Duchamp, artist
 * María Félix, Mexican actress
 * Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle, French glass maker and Italian countess
 * Marine Le Pen, French politician and president of the Rassemblement National
 * Martin Solveig, French electro-house DJ
 * Mary Wollstonecraft, English writer
 * Max Le Verrier (1891–1973), sculptor, born here.
 * Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma, died here
 * Michel Berger, singer and songwriter
 * Mike Sparken, racing driver
 * Mireille Mathieu, chanson singer, has been a resident since 1965
 * Natalie Barney, American heiress
 * King Nicholas I of Montenegro and his family
 * Nicolas Sarkozy, former President of France; mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002
 * Olivier Missoup, rugby player
 * Paul Grimault, animator
 * Pierre Ramond, string theorist
 * Quincy Jones, musician, composer, producer
 * Ramón Emeterio Betances (1827–1898), Puerto Rican independence advocate, lived and died here
 * René Semelaigne (1855–1934), biographer
 * Roger Martin du Gard, winner of the 1937 Nobel Prize for Literature
 * Sandra Boëlle, politician
 * Screamin' Jay Hawkins, Shock rock musician
 * Sophie Marceau, French actress
 * Thierry Sabine, founder of the Dakar Rally
 * Véronique Azan, French dancer
 * Vincent Courtillot, geophysicist born in Neuilly in 1948
 * Vittorio De Sica, Italian actor and film director
 * Wallis Simpson, American socialite and wife of Edward, Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.
 * Wassily Kandinsky, Russian Abstract-Expressionist artist
 * G. Toengi, actress, vj
 * Zizi Lambrino, first wife of the later King Carol II of Romania

Twin towns – sister cities
Neuilly-sur-Seine is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Hanau, Germany (1964–2002)
 * 🇧🇪 Uccle, Belgium (from 1981)
 * Windsor, England, United Kingdom (from 1955)