Neukölln (locality)

Neukölln (formerly Rixdorf), from 1899 to 1920 an independent city, is a large inner-city quarter (Ortsteil) of Berlin in the homonymous borough (Bezirk) of Neukölln, including the historic village of Rixdorf and numerous Gründerzeit estates. With 163,735 inhabitants (2024) the quarter is the second-most densely populated of Berlin after Prenzlauer Berg. Since the early 13th century, the local settlements, villages and cities until present-day Neukölln have always been a popular destination for colonists and immigrants. In modern times, it was originally characterized by mostly working-class inhabitants, but western immigration since the turn of the millennium has led to gentrification.

Geography


Neukölln is situated in the North European Plain, which is typically characterized by low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly flat topography. The quarter lies on the geological border between the shallow Weichselian Warsaw-Berlin Urstromtal glacial valley and the northernmost edge of the Teltow young drift ground moraine plateau, specifically the Rollberge, a small range of glacial hills rising to the south of Hermannplatz, Rixdorf, and the streets Karl-Marx-Straße and Hasenheide. Neukölln's natural elevation is 52 m (172 ft) above NHN, with the highest elevation at 67.9 m (223 ft) achieved by the Rixdorfer Höhe, a trümmerberg in the Volkspark Hasenheide.



Location
The quarter is situated south-east of the Berlin city center, in the north of the Neukölln borough. It lies adjacent to the quarter of Britz in the south, which is also part of greater Neukölln, to the SO 36 and Kreuzberg 61 neighborhoods of the quarter Kreuzberg in the north and north-west (in the Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough), to the quarter Tempelhof in the west (in Tempelhof-Schöneberg), and to the quarters Alt-Treptow, Plänterwald and Baumschulenweg in the east and north-east (all part of Treptow-Köpenick).

Neukölln is separated from Kreuzberg by the park Volkspark Hasenheide, the Landwehr Canal, and the streets Kottbusser Damm and Hasenheide as far as the city square Südstern, which conforms to Berlin's historical Weichbildgrenze (1861–1919). Neukölln shares part of the Tempelhofer Feld with Tempelhof, the vast field of the former Tempelhof Airport, now a popular recreation area. The Stadtring motorway with the Carl-Weder-Park as well as the Neukölln Ship and Britz canals form the border with the Britz quarter, while the green corridor Heidekamppark with the trench Heidekampgraben, the Kiefholzstraße and several urban streets in the Bouché neighborhood separate Neukölln from the eastern quarters of Treptow-Köpenick.

Neighborhoods
Neukölln is divided into nine official neighborhoods (Kieze or Stadtquartiere, officially called Ortslagen), among them the historical sites of Neukölln's foundation south-east of the quarters's geographical center, Richardplatz-Süd to the south and south-east of the central plaza Richardplatz, and Böhmisch-Rixdorf to the north and north-west, which together are commonly referred to as Rixdorf or Alt-Rixdorf ("Old Rixdorf"). The other official neighborhoods are (from north to south):
 * Reuterkiez,
 * Flughafenstraße,
 * Schillerpromenade,
 * Rollberg,
 * Weiße Siedlung,
 * Körnerpark, and
 * High-Deck-Siedlung.

Other sites


Other urban sites not officially named or recognized as neighborhoods, but often distinguished as LORs (see below) or the focus of current or former neighborhood management, are the Donaukiez along Donaustraße between Sonnenallee and Karl-Marx-Straße, Ganghoferstraße around the border between Donaukiez and Böhmisch-Rixdorf, the Weserkiez around Weserstraße between Weigandufer and Sonnenallee, the Warthekiez around Wartheplatz, the Bouchékiez, a larger residential area north of the Neukölln Ship Canal, and neighborhoods south of the Berlin Hermannstraße and Berlin Neukölln stations like Silbersteinstraße. At the western and eastern outskirts there are recreational spaces, namely a large area of privately leased garden allotments in the east at the site of the former Cöllnische Heide (Cölln Heath), and the neighborhood Hasenheide in the west, while industrial areas have formed mostly to the south and east of the Berlin Ringbahn. At the south-eastern end of Neukölln in the area of the former Cölln Heath are two additional neighborhoods from the 1920s, situated between the official Weiße Siedlung and High-Deck-Siedlung around Köllnische Heide station, namely Schulenburgpark to the south, and the Dammwegsiedlung to the north.

Urban planning
In urban planning, the divisions of Berlin's boroughs and quarters are more precise. Here Neukölln, non-administrative district 10 in borough 08, as of 2024, is divided into five regions, each of them further compartmentalized into a total of 21 so-called Lebensweltlich orientierte Räume (LOR) ("lifeworld-oriented regions"):
 * Schillerpromenade (01) in the west, comprising Hasenheide (01), Schillerpromenade as Schillerpromenade Nord (02) and Schillerpromenade Süd (03), as well as Wartheplatz (04) and Silbersteinstraße (05);
 * Neuköllner Mitte/Zentrum (02) in the center, comprising Flughafenstraße (06), Rollberg (07) and Körnerpark (08), as well as Glasower Straße (09);
 * Reuterstraße (03) in the north, comprising Reuterkiez as Maybachufer (10), Reuterplatz (11) and Weichselplatz (12) including the western parts of the Weserkiez, as well as Bouchéstraße (13), plus a minor part of Flughafenstraße, the Donaukiez, as Donaustraße (14);
 * Rixdorf (04) in the center to the north-east, comprising Ganghoferstraße (15), Böhmisch-Rixdorf and Richardplatz-Süd as Alt-Rixdorf (16), Braunschweiger Straße (17), the eastern parts of the Weserkiez as Hertzbergplatz (18), as well as Treptower Straße Nord (19); and
 * Köllnische Heide (05) in the east, comprising Weiße Siedlung (20), and Schulenburgpark (21) including the High-Deck-Siedlung.

The industrial parks Ederstraße and Köllnische Heide are no longer part of the city's LOR framework as independent regions.

Parks and water bodies


As a densely populated urban inner-city quarter, Neukölln has fewer large recreational locations than other quarters of Berlin, not counting active cemeteries. However, the two major parks in the western part of Neukölln, the Volkspark Hasenheide and the Tempelhofer Feld, more than make up for the lack of green stretches in other spots. Still, smaller parks are found in various neighborhoods, many of which are among Neukölln's historical garden monuments, for example the Anita-Berber-Park (Schillerpromenade), a former cemetery which also connects to the Tempelhofer Feld, the recently decommissioned cemetery Neuer St. Jacobi Friedhof, now used as a park (Schillerpromenade), Lessinghöhe and Thomashöhe (Körnerpark), the Körnerpark itself, a former gravel quarry, with the Rübelandpark connecting Thomashöhe and Körnerpark, the Comenius Garden (Rixdorf), the Von-der-Schulenburg-Park (High-Deck-Siedlung), and extensive stretches of garden allotments like Helmutstal and Märkische Schweiz close to the quarter's eastern border, including the Heidekamppark, a long green corridor adjacent to the Heidekampgraben. On the southern and south-western borders to the neighborhoods Britz and Tempelhof respectively is the Carl-Weder-Park, a stretched park above the underground Stadtring autobahn west of the Britzer Damm. Immediately adjacent to the north is the former cemetery forest Emmauswald, Neukölln's largest forest, with the Emmauskirchhof, a still active graveyard, connecting to the east. Several inner-city squares and building complexes have been designed with green stretches, for example monuments like Richardplatz and Reuterplatz, other plazas like Weichselplatz, Wildenbruchplatz and Hertzbergplatz, and the atrium of Neukölln's Stadtbad (public bath house).

All of Neukölln's water bodies are man-made. The most prominent example is the Neukölln Ship Canal, which connects the Teltow and Britz canals with the Landwehr Canal and (through Kreuzberg) the river Spree. The Neukölln Harbor, consisting of an upper and lower basin and connected via the Neukölln Watergate, was built in tandem with the Britz Harbor at the south end of the Neukölln Ship Canal. Smaller landing stages are located along the canal until Kiehlufer, and these Neukölln Docklands are currently subject to extensive redevelopment. Several parks contain artificial ponds, for example the Volkspark Hasenheide (Rixdorfer Teich), the Comenius Garden (Weltenmeer), the Karma Culture Garden in Rixdorf, and the Von-Der-Schulenburg-Park (High-Deck-Siedlung).

Prehistory


Archeological finds on the Rixdorf lot point to a Germanic prehistory of Neukölln, with evidence of a settlement since the late Neolithic age, like early flint tools, potsherds from the Bronze Age on Richardplatz, or Iron Age burial urns in the Hasenheide. Finds from the era of the Roman Empire were ubiquitous in Berlin, which includes West-Germanic wharves and ceramics on the Richardplatz, a Gordianic bronze coin on the Rollberge, and nearby the important Reitergrab von Neukölln (equestrian tomb) south-west of Richardplatz at the Körnerpark, which stems from the onset of the Merowingian era in the first half of the 6th century.

The Germanic tribes that originally settled in the Berlin region belonged to the Semnones. They eventually migrated southwestward during the era of the Barbarian Invasions and were superseded by the West Slavic Sprevane and Hevelli, historically called the Wends, but archeological traces pertaining to a successive Sprevane settlement were never found in the area of modern-day Neukölln. From the early era of post-Germanic German colonization, only scanty potsherds were excavated, and the remnants of mediaeval chain mail were typical of the 13th or 14th century, the times when the Knights Templar and Hospitaller already ruled over nascent Neukölln.

Early history


After four centuries of German colonization, the region around modern-day Berlin came under lasting German rule in the 12th century as part of the Ascanian Margraviate of Brandenburg, founded by Albert the Bear in 1157. The region was situated near the borders to the Principality of Copnic, ruled by Sprevan prince Jaxa of Köpenick, and the Duchy of Pomerania-Demmin, ruled by Casimir I, which had all fought for dominance during the colonization of the Teltow and the formation of Brandenburg.

Around the year 1200, a military hamlet, possibly called Richardshove (Richardshof, "Richard's Court"), together with an unnamed folwark near Slavic Trebow, was established at the foot of the Teltow on the edge of the grasslands Cöllnische Wiesen (Cölln Meadows) on the road to Copenic as an eastern stronghold of the Commandery Tempelhof, probably administered by the Knights Templar from neighboring Tempelhove, Merghenvelde and Mergendorp, which had developed during the early days of the Holy Roman Empire along the old Via Imperii. The Templar functioned as a neutral institution, and after the conflicts had ended in 1231, the stronghold was abandoned by the military and converted into a Templar access yard, probably after the end of the Teltow and Magdeburg Wars between the Houses of Ascania and Wettin (1239–45).

When the order became too powerful, it was proscribed and effectively dissolved in 1312 by Pope Clement V under accusations of apostasy, but different from other Templar possessions, the Tempelhof commandery including Richardshove did not immediately change into Hospitaller ownership, probably because the remaining Knights Templar offered resistance. Instead, the estate was fiducially held by Waldemar the Great for six years, and legally transferred to the Knights Hospitaller only in 1318.

Rixdorf


When first mentioned in its foundational charter of 26 June 1360, the angerdorf south-east of Berlin around the present-day Richardplatz was already called Richardsdorp (Richardsdorf, "Richard's Village"), signifying decades of development from yard (hove) to village (dorp), now officially recognized. The original document containing the Rixdorf charter has been lost since World War II, but its contents have been preserved, and the year 1360 is regarded as the official year of Neukölln's foundation. The village with its twelve farmers was mentioned again in 1375 as Richardstorpp in the Landbuch der Mark Brandenburg. Around the beginning of the 15th century, Richardsdorp erected its first official chapel. After ongoing border disputes and an ill-fated armed conflict, the Knights Hospitaller were forced to sell their possessions into fiefdom to the cities of Alt-Berlin and Cölln on 23 September 1435, including Richardsdorp, which was mentioned again in deeds of 1525 as Ricksdorf, for the first time officially in its modern contracted form. Disputes over the village continued between Cölln and Berlin, and with a compromise settlement Ricksdorf became the sole fief of Cölln on 24 August 1543. In 1624 the population had grown to 150, and in 1626 the village built a forge for traveling blacksmiths. During the Thirty Years' War (1618–48) Ricksdorf was mostly depopulated, with buildings and parts of the chapel destroyed by fire. At the end of the war, the village was also plagued by the Black Death, and in 1652 only seven farmers and cotters (Kossäten) and their relatives remained. The first village tavern (Dorfkrug) opened in 1685 at the crossing of the postal and trade road to Saxony and the Ricksdorfscher Damm, modern-day Kottbusser Damm, and generations later became Rixdorf's famous tavern Rollkrug at Hermannplatz. In 1693, Ricksdorf's chapel joined the Britz parish, and the village's first parish register was opened. After the old city of Cölln merged with Alt-Berlin, Friedrichswerder, Friedrichstadt and Dorotheenstadt on 17 January 1709, forming the Königliche Haupt- und Residenzstadt Berlin (Royal Capital and Seat Berlin), the village, then already spelled Rixdorf, became a Kämmereidorf (treasury village) of the new Berlin. Rixdorf constructed its first windmill in 1729, and five years later the population had grown to 224.

Deutsch-Rixdorf and Böhmisch-Rixdorf


In 1737 King Frederick William I of Prussia invited some of the approximately 700 Moravian Protestants, who had been expelled from Bohemia, to settle near the village, where the first 18 families from Gerlachsheim near modern-day Gmina Leśna built new houses and eventually their own chapels off the village center along the road to Berlin, today called Richardstraße. Already in 1751, the new settlement received its own cemetery, the Böhmischer Gottesacker. In 1753, the oldest school building of Neukölln was constructed on the Bohemian Kirchgasse, which from 1797 onward also housed the village's assembly hall. Rixdorf suffered from destruction and pillaging by Austrian and Russian troops during the second year of the Seven Years' War (1756–63), but this did not prevent its subsequent development. In 1760, Berlin statesman Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg became the proprietor of Rixdorf's Schulzengericht (schultheiß court). The original village of Rixdorf was further expanded in 1764 with new residential buildings and a brickyard, and since 1801 it was mostly called Deutsch-Rixdorf. Inspite of its expansion, Deutsch-Rixdorf at first remained the smaller of the two villages, with roughly 200 residents in 1771, while the new Bohemian village Böhmisch-Rixdorf had counted 300 residents already in 1747. Böhmisch-Rixdorf was granted its own administration in 1797, and with consecutive waves of immigration, the village evolved into a distinguished colony of Bohemian settlers.



The French Army under Napoleon occupied Rixdorf in 1806. The overall population in 1809 was 695. In 1811, Germany's first public outdoor gymnasium was established in the Hasenheide forest by Turnvater Jahn. Rixdorf residents fought in the 1813 Wars of Liberation, for example at the Battle of Großbeeren, and the subsequent freedom and abolition of German serfdom laid the foundation for Rixdorf's rapid development and industrialization. In 1827, the street to Berlin was paved, and by 1830 Rixdorf had already become the largest village of the Berlin periphery with more than 2,000 inhabitants. On 28 April 1849, more than a quarter of the buildings in both Rixdorf villages were destroyed in a firestorm, and reconstruction lasted until 1853. In 1854, the first bus line opened between Berlin and the two Rixdorf villages, followed in 1876 by a line from Bergstraße, today's Karl-Marx-Straße, to Hallesches Tor. Meanwhile, the construction of new streets, plazas and residential estates in the Berlin periphery had been set in motion as part of the 1862 Hobrecht-Plan, which created what would come to be known architecturally as the Wilhelmine Ring. In 1866, the Rixdorf villages were hit by epidemics of cholera and smallpox with at least 170 fatalities. In 1867, Deutsch-Rixdorf had a population of approximately 5,000, and Böhmisch-Rixdorf of 1,500. In 1870 the villages received their first train station, the Bahnhof Rixdorf, which still exists today as Neukölln station. On 13 December 1872, Berlin's administration merged both Rixdorf villages and the commune Britz into the 24th Amtsbezirk (bailiwick).

Unification and chartering
Both villages were united as Rixdorf on 1 January 1874 by royal decree of 11 July 1873, and the new town became a municipality of the Kreis Teltow. In 1874 Rixdorf had 8,000 inhabitants, growing to 15,000 the next year. On 4 February 1874 Hermann Boddin became the first principal municipal magistrate (Amts- und Gemeindevorsteher) of the unified Rixdorf and oversaw its evolution into the largest village of the Prussian monarchy with 90,000 residents in 1895.

Urbanization quickly took off with new residential estates, churches, infrastructure and industrial settlements. The original Amtshaus (administrative building) was built in 1878, the first municipal court (Amtsgericht) in 1879, which was quickly replaced in 1901 by the new municipal court and prison, and the first telegraph office in 1882. In 1876, Rixdorf had already had 24 paved roads, which grew exponentially in the following decade, enabling additional bus lines to Berlin, followed by the introduction of the first tram lines, beginning in 1884 with the so-called Pferde-Eisenbahn (horse train) from Rollberg to Spittelmarkt in Berlin, and a line from the Rollkrug tavern at Hermannplatz to Knesebeckstraße near Kurfürstendamm a year later, which formed the basis for the Straßenbahnen der Stadt Berlin (SSB), the first communal public transportation company of Berlin, with grants from the Rixdorf citizenry. Infrastructure continued to grow with the introduction of a telephone network in 1885, a new water network connection to the Charlottenburg waterworks in 1887, a new sewage system and drainage facility between 1891 and 1895, the building of a new community hall and poorhouse in 1893, the 1895 reconstruction of Rixdorf station, and the 1899 opening of Hermannstraße station on the Ringbahn.

On 1 April 1899, Rixdorf was chartered as an independent city, and Boddin transitioned into his new role as the city's first mayor. The new city received its coat of arms in 1903, and its population quickly grew to 237,289 in 1910. It was during this boomtown era that the architect Reinhold Kiehl was called on by Rixdorf's assembly to further upgrade the city's infrastructure, which led to some of the quarter's most iconic buildings and locations being constructed, such as the city hall (Rathaus Neukölln) between 1905 and 1908, which gradually replaced the older Amtshaus, the 1912 Stadtbad Neukölln, a public bath house, and many more after 1912 like the Körnerpark's orangerie. The year 1909 saw the inauguration of Rixdorf's first municipal hospital (Rixdorfer Krankenhaus), situated outside of the city near modern-day Buckow.

Early neighborhood formation


It was during the 1850s when construction began in what is today the Reuterkiez. After the completion of the Landwehr Canal in 1850 at the location of the older Müllen-Graben (Mühlengraben, Mill Trench), industry and workshops began to settle along its shores in the marshes and meadows south of the Berlin Customs Wall, on and near today's Maybachufer. The Cottbuserdamm (Kottbusser Damm) and several parallel streets like the Friedelstraße, an important street in Berlin's first communal electric tram network, were built shortly afterwards. Between 1871 and 1905, the population increased, as several Gründerzeit apartment blocks were erected, often with industrial backyards that are still typical of Berlin today. Construction was temporarily set back due to a devastating fire in 1886 that destroyed nearly all of the city block between Kottbusser Damm, Maybachufer and Schinkestraße. Different from other neighborhoods of northern Rixdorf, most residential development in the Reuterkiez had from the beginning always been aimed at more affluent residents and a higher quality of living, but except for the Reuterplatz forgone any development of green urban plazas. Due to the marshy substrate, the new neighborhood was at first only developed between Kottbusser Damm and Weichselstraße, and was instead extended southward into and beyond the modern Donaukiez of the Flughafenstraße neighborhood. In the decades that followed, Rixdorf, the new Reuterkiez and Donaukiez were expanded west- and southward respectively, forming Neukölln's younger neighborhoods of Schillerpromenade, Körnerpark and the historical Rollberg.

Starting in 1875 after the approval of a new development plan, the areas immediately to the south, namely present-day Rollberg and the remainder of Flughafenstraße, were developed first, mainly as working-class outskirts with backyard manufacturing and larger industries, tightly packed tenements, small apartments and tiny residential backyards. To this end, and to also furnish raw material for construction in the rest of Berlin, most of the rolling agricultural hills of the Rollberge range were excavated and leveled, and Rixdorf's sixteen windmills torn down. In the first wave, four new parallel streets as well as the Kopfstraße between Bergstraße, present-day Karl-Marx-Straße, and Hermannstraße were constructed together with the crossways Falk- and Morusstraße on the flattened Rollberge slopes. The working-class tenements, even in the front buildings, were small and overcrowded, sunless and unaerated, and unsanitary without personal water closets or rooms for hygiene, which promoted diseases and epidemics, infant and child mortality, violence and crime, but also fueled the Neukölln class struggles of the 1920s and '30s. However, the financial crises and wars in early 20th century Germany prevented any contemporary redevelopment until the 1960s and '70s.

Schillerpromenade and parts of Körnerpark, on the other hand, followed the Reuterkiez model with apartment buildings for wealthier residents, and the two quarters still have a large Gründerzeit architectural foundation with broad streets and sidewalks, and Berlin's usual grid plan street layout that originated mostly in this era. For the Körnerpark quarter, this development was a natural evolution due to its proximity to Alt-Rixdorf, though the street blocks further south were for the most part developed in the 1920s and '30s, so the quarter has not evolved as uniformly. Schillerpromenade benefited from its location on even farmland adjacent to the Tempelhofer Feld, which was better suited than the area on the Rollberge slopes. Construction of the new residential park in present-day Schillerkiez began with Rixdorf's 1901 development plan. The ambitious Gründerzeit estates, the broad promenade parallel to Hermannstraße and the circular central plaza (Herrfurthplatz) with the Genezareth Church were markedly aimed at wealthier settlers, as a counterpoint to the older Rollberg quarter of ill repute. In 1905, residential construction was in full swing, schools and an academy were built, and main development ended around 1914 except for the westernmost city blocks at Oderstraße, which were developed only in 1927 by Bruno Taut according to modern reformist ideals. The large sports grounds in the quarter's south-western corner (Sportpark Tempelhofer Feld), today the Werner-Seelenbinder-Sportpark, opened in 1928.

Neukölln


Rixdorf had become notorious for its taverns, amusement sites and red-light districts, which dampened investments, economic development and the immigration of wealthier citizens, so in 1912 the local authorities took up former mayor Boddin's original plan, which until then had been consistently rejected, to get rid of this reputation by assuming the name Neukölln, which referenced both Rixdorf's historical parent city Cölln and the Cöllnische Heide (Cölln Heath) to the east, but was mainly derived from the Neucöllner Siedlungen ("Neucölln Estates") north of Rixdorf, which themselves referenced Neu-Cölln, a historical district south of the medieval part of Berlin and Cölln proper. The renaming was petitioned by mayor Curt Kaiser and eventually granted by Emperor William I on 27 January 1912. At the time, Neukölln's population stood at 253,000.

6,600 of Neukölln's residents fell serving at the frontlines in World War I (1914–18). At the end of the war, the November Revolution led to the formation of the city's Workers' and Soldiers' Council, and in late 1918, the council seized executive power in Neukölln, dissolving the city's assembly and forcing mayor Curt Kaiser to resign, who was succeeded by Alfred Scholz (SPD). The workers, employees and officers of Neukölln threatened a general strike, but it never came to that, because the conflict was resolved in 1919 by the Prussian government. The revolutionary council was barred from attending the city's assembly meetings, the Prussian Army's 17th infantry division was sent in and laid siege to Neukölln, which eventually led to the dissolution of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council.

Despite the war years, urban development had continued unabated at first, and Rixdorf had become one of the most important suburban cities outside of Berlin. But the newly forming societies and infrastructures created problems and threatened to thwart further development, because the disparity between the different communities, which naturally aimed to expand beyond the old municipal boundaries, now created cross-border administrative conflicts and gridlock. Therefore, the Greater Berlin Act was passed by the Prussian parliament in the spring of 1920, and the city of Neukölln ceased to exist on 1 October 1920 after only two decades of independence, when it was incorporated as a part of Greater Berlin together with a large number of other suburban communes and cities. Together with the quarters Britz, Rudow and Buckow, Neukölln now formed the new homonymous borough of Neukölln, Berlin's 14th (and since the 2001 reform 8th) administrative district, which eventually added the new quarter of Gropiusstadt in 2002. At the time of the merger, the city of Neukölln had a population of 262,128. The old Rixdorf continued to exist, and is today represented by two neighborhoods in the center of Neukölln, Böhmisch-Rixdorf and Richardplatz-Süd. Many of the traditional landmarks are still intact, and several areas and streets like the Bohemian Kirchgasse have retained their idyllic and rural character.

Berlin-Neukölln


In the Weimar Republic, Neukölln's population eventually grew to 278,208 in 1930. In order to relieve the older tram networks, the Berlin S-Bahn was electrified starting in 1926, while Neukölln's Südring (south ring) lines were modernized in 1928. Additionally, two lines of the Berlin U-Bahn were extended through Neukölln between 1925 and 1930.

Neukölln remained a working-class quarter and communist stronghold, especially in the Rollberg neighborhood. This led to increasing tensions between left-wing radicals like the KPD and the Berlin police, culminating in the Bloody May riots of 1929 (Blutmai) with 14 fatalities and 17 injured. The Nazis viewed the quarter as "Red Neukölln", and tensions with the rivaling socialist and communist groups ensued as early as November 1926, when Joseph Goebbels sent over 300 men of the Sturmabteilung (SA) on a propaganda march through Neukölln, ending in clashes on the Hermannplatz. The beer hall Neue Welt on Hasenheide near Hermannplatz was the 1930 location of one of Adolf Hitler's early speeches in Berlin. The conflicts eventually intensified until the end of the republic, leading to occasional armed engagements like the Rixdorf shootout of October 1931, when communists attacked the Richardsburg, a Sturmlokal of the SA.

After Hitler's Machtübernahme in 1933, the SA extended their campaigns and also targeted rallies and events by moderate parties like the SPD. Neukölln's borough mayor Alfred Scholz (SPD) and all officials of Neukölln's district office had to resign under pressure from the new ruling Nazi Party and the enactment of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service. In time for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Turnvater Jahn was honored with a commemorative grove and statue in the park Hasenheide. Neukölln's only synagogue on Isarstraße (Flughafenkiez) was demolished during the Kristallnacht of 1938; today, only a commemorative plaque remains.



After the onset of World War II in 1939, the Rixdorf factories of the Krupp-Registrierkassen-Gesellschaft and American company National Cash Register, which had merged as the National Krupp Registrierkassen GmbH during the Weimar Republic, were transformed into military production facilities. In 1942 a forced labor camp for up to 865 mainly Jewish and Romani women from the conquered Eastern territories was established on the factory grounds. In 1944 it was absorbed as one of several Berlin outposts (Außenlager ) of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, primarily for female Jewish-Polish forced laborers, who had been transferred from the Łódź Ghetto and Auschwitz respectively. The camp's last remaining barracks stood until the year 1957. At the end of the war, Neukölln's population had decreased by roughly 30,000, and 9% of the quarter's buildings had been destroyed, with 12% severely damaged by allied bombing raids, including the Mercedes-Palast in the Rollberg neighborhood, which since 1927 had housed Europe's largest movie theater.

Following the withdrawal of the occupying Soviet forces in 1945, Neukölln became part of the American sector of Berlin from 1945 to 1949, encompassing the south and south-east of what would later become West Berlin, an enclave of West Germany within Communist East Germany from 1949 until German reunification in 1990. The Sonnenallee, connecting Neukölln with Baumschulenweg in former East Berlin, was the site of a border crossing of the Berlin Wall from 1961 to 1990. In 1966, Neukölln's last remaining tram line was shut down. During the Cold War Neukölln retained its status as a traditional working-class area and one of Berlin's red-light districts. Many gastarbeiter, especially from Turkey and Greece, settled in Kreuzberg and Neukölln since the 1950s, later followed by Palestinian and Arabic refugees from the Lebanese Civil War. Neukölln's current U-Bahn network into the southern quarters via the U7 was constructed between 1970 and 1972, while the final U8 section between Leinestraße and the S-Bahn wasn't implemented until 1996. The Neukölln Opera was founded in 1972 and received its own venue in 1988, one of Berlin's four opera houses. Another important cultural venue, the Saalbau Neukölln, opened in 1990 at the location of the former Bürgersalon Niesigk ("citizens' parlor"), and is today known as Heimathafen Neukölln.

Since the 1970s and 80s, Neukölln, like the neighboring Kreuzberg, has embraced alternative forms of living and an often anti-establishment and anti-fascist culture that is still active to this day. In the 1990s late repatriates from formerly Soviet states like Ukraine and Russia resettled in Germany, many of them in Berlin, and in Neukölln specifically. The decade after German reunification mainly transformed the eastern parts of the city, but western quarters like Neukölln were able to benefit as well. In 1994, the Estrel Hotel with convention center opened in Rixdorf's former industrial outskirts on the eastern shore of the Neukölln Ship Canal, and many new cultural locations and shopping malls sprung up all over Neukölln.

Modern neighborhood formation


Over the generations, all of Neukölln's southern neighborhoods of Rixdorf, Körnerpark and Schillerpromenade have gradually expanded south- and southeastward, while the Reuterkiez was finally expanded onto the marshy areas to the east. Major settlement constructions occurred as part of the new objective movement of the 1920s and '30s, in Germany often called Neues Bauen (New Building). In that era, many modern estates were constructed within Neukölln proper, for example the areas around Ossastraße, a 1927 Reuterkiez housing estate by Bruno Taut, or around the crossing of Innstraße and Weserstraße in Rixdorf (1924–26), but a notable example for a complete early modern settlement is the Dammwegsiedlung south-east of Rixdorf, which was constructed between 1920 and 1922, based on earlier designs by Reinhold Kiehl.

After World War II, almost a quarter of the buildings in Neukölln were destroyed or severely damaged. This affected all neighborhoods except the Schillerkiez, where the destruction remained minimal, though the quarter, like Körnerpark, was eventually expanded and compacted further south beyond the Ringbahn. Other neighborhoods quickly began to rebuild in the bombing gaps from the war, but naturally had to disregard the classical models of Neukölln's original architecture. Quick modern construction was the order of business, at best with a social reformist slant. In the 1960s, however, a public housing boom ensued in Berlin, which also changed the face of many parts of Neukölln's neighborhoods. Most older Gründerzeit areas were only expanded with compacting measures and discreet perimeter block development, but the bulk of Rollberg and the new quarters southeast of Rixdorf were built during this era.



Flächensanierung (district redevelopment) in the Rollberg neighborhood began in the 1960s, which meant completely demolishing and reconstructing most of its old working-class estates. Of Rollberg's more than 5,000 apartments, only about 340 remained, 200 of them in Gründerzeit estates, and 140 in existing houses from pre-war developments and initial post-war reconstructions. Furthermore, Berlin's historical grid plan street layout was partially dismantled. The modernist meandering block structures (Mäanderbauten) in the eastern part were constructed first, while the rest of the newly designed quarter, including Die Ringe ("The Rings") in the western part, was finished in the mid to late 1970s. Approximately 2,000 new apartments were constructed, but many of the original residents had left and never returned, opening up rental space for Neukölln's new immigrant population. These developments created new problems, which persist to this day, because the new neighborhood is neither urbanistically nor socially integrated with the rest of Neukölln.

During the same era, the Weiße Siedlung southeast of Rixdorf was built as a typical 1970s modernist suburban housing estate north of the older Dammwegsiedlung. Due to its distinctive high-rise design, the quarter is widely visible. Construction of the youngest neighborhood further south, the High-Deck-Siedlung, began in 1975 and ended in 1984 as a follow-up to the earlier large-scale housing developments Gropiusstadt and Märkisches Viertel. Both settlements suffer from a fate similar to that of Rollberg, being foreign architectural bodies with geographical and social separation from the rest of urban Neukölln.

After the end of Neukölln's public housing wave, the Schillerpromenade neighborhood at last became part of the borough's official urban renewal programs in 1990. At first, the focus was on modernizing the deficits of the old infrastructure, but from 1996 onward, specific emphasis was placed on conservation and neighborhood management, in order to counter gentrification and the displacement of the old-established citizenry. This proved complicated, as many former tenements had already been converted into condominiums. In addition, more recent gentrification could not be blocked completely, since the neighborhood, beside the Reuterkiez, became one of the most popular destinations for 21st century western immigrants.

Future development
In the 21st century, further residential development in Neukölln is still possible by repurposing many of the garden allotments, the largest of which have primarily formed on or near the historical border to former East-Berlin. However, important recreational areas would be lost, and there are no plans by the administration to let the relevant leases expire. Alternative plans to clear green spaces like the former cemetery forest Emmauswald regularly encounter strong resistance. Similarly, the plans for a residential boundary development of the Tempelhofer Feld are a recurring topic of contention in Berlin politics. Unconfrontational development mainly has to rely on compacting measures by covering the last remaining bombing gaps from World War II, on redeveloping former industrial neighborhoods like the Neukölln Docklands, and on perimeter block development, where possible. A recent example can be found in the Bouché neighborhood, where the mainly industrial block Harzer Straße/Elsenstraße will be undergoing residential redevelopment.

Berlin-Neukölln in the 21st century
Following a decade as a typical inner-city hot spot with high rates of immigration, poverty, crime, educational discrimination and inadequate asylum laws, 21st century Neukölln has experienced an influx of students, creatives and other young professionals of mostly Western origin avoiding higher rents charged in other parts of Berlin. The trend increased after the 2008 financial and 2010 European debt crises, when many young EU citizens left their home countries for Germany in search of work, leading to rapid cultural shifts in certain neighborhoods within Neukölln, especially the neighborhoods to the north and west from Reuter- to Schillerkiez. Coupled with increasing domestic and foreign real estate investments, this has caused a knock-on effect of rents to rise in many parts of Neukölln.

As of 2023, the unemployment rate in Neukölln was at 14.1%. The poverty rate was at 29%, and the borough is currently the only German district with its own poverty commissioner. In 2019 46% of Neukölln's residents had been first or second-generation immigrants, with roots in 155 countries. The percentage rose to 48% in 2021 due to the ongoing European migrant crisis, with the most recent migration originating mostly in Muslim countries. As of 2024, the percentage of foreigners without German citizenship is 21.8% on the low end in Bouchéstraße (LOR 100313), and as high as 40.9% in both Donaustraße (LOR 100314) and Glasower Straße (LOR 100209). Over the years, this development and a strong local left-wing bedrock has led to a significant increase in antisemitism and pro-Palestinian propaganda. Two out of Berlin's seven so-called "crime-burdened locations" are in Neukölln, Hermannplatz with Donaukiez including Sonnenallee, and Hermannstraße around Hermannstraße Station, and especially in these neighborhoods, Neukölln is also characterized by social and religious conflicts, manifesting in educational challenges, violent felonies, organized crime by Islamic clans with recurring gang and drug violence, occasional rioting, transphobia and homophobia.

Nevertheless, the vibrant immigrant culture and recent cosmopolitan evolution, especially in the northern Reuterkiez neighborhood, have turned Neukölln into one of the trendiest districts of Berlin and the epitome of gentrification and socioeconomic change in the city, steadily ranking as one of the world's most desirable places to visit and live.

Coat of arms
Neukölln's coat of arms is a modern variant of Rixdorf's original coat, which had been approved in 1903 by emperor Wilhelm II after the city's independence on 1 April 1899. Awarded to the borough of Neukölln in 1956, it is today used by the quarter of Neukölln, together with the borough's other quarters of Britz, Buckow, Rudow and Gropiusstadt.

The most prominent heraldic element is at the bottom of the coat, the silver on red Maltese Cross, which signifies the official foundation of the historic village of Richardsdorf on 26 June 1360 under the sovereignty of the Catholic Johannite Knights Hospitaller, who had assumed the angerdorf from the Knights Templar in the year 1318.

In the upper right is the red and gold heraldic eagle on silver background, which is actually a double reference, mainly to Rixdorf's feudal parent city of Cölln (23 September 1435–17 January 1709 ), but also to the later Province of Brandenburg, which likewise used Cölln's historical eagle on its coat of arms.

In the upper left is the silver on black common chalice of the Protestant Hussite colonists, who began to settle on the Rixdorf lot in the year 1737 and eventually built their own village, which as Böhmisch-Rixdorf was granted its own administration in 1797, before both Rixdorf villages were united on 1 January 1874. A representation of Rixdorf's historical Hussite chalice can be found in the pediment of the 1753 Bohemian school building on Kirchgasse.

The original red and black mural crown was similar to the modern variant, but contained a city gate as its central element, signifying Rixdorf's 1899 independence. The historical coat of arms remained in use at first, after Rixdorf, then already renamed to Neukölln, joined the new Neukölln borough of Greater Berlin on 1 October 1920. On 12 April 1956, the coat of arms was slightly redesigned, and the only major change was applied to the crown, which was altered into the offical mural crown used by all of Berlin's boroughs, including the silver shield with black bear, as found in Berlin's own coat of arms.

Public transport
In Berlin, urban railway services are managed by the S-Bahn Berlin GmbH, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn, while all other public transport systems are managed by the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG), which together with the Brandenburg providers form the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (VBB).

U-Bahn


Neukölln is served by two U-Bahn (subway) rail lines, the northwest-to-southeast U7 (Rathaus Spandau ↔ Rudow) and the north-to-south U8 (Wittenau ↔ Hermannstraße), with an interchange between the two at Hermannplatz. Within Neukölln, the U7 has three additional eastbound stations along the Karl-Marx-Straße: Rathaus Neukölln, Karl-Marx-Straße and Neukölln, the latter being an interchange between U- and S-Bahn. The U8 has three additional southbound stations along the Hermannstraße: Boddinstraße, Leinestraße and Hermannstraße, the latter being the quarter's second interchange between U- and S-Bahn.

Three U-Bahn stations just outside of the quarter offer quicker access to certain neighborhoods of Neukölln: Südstern (U7) to the western parts of Hasenheide, Schönleinstraße (U8) to the Reuterkiez, and Grenzallee (U7) to the southern and south-eastern industrial parks including the Neukölln Harbor.

During workday nights, approximately between 1:00 and 4:00, Berlin's subways are not operational, but are replaced by buses. In Neukölln, the U7 and U8 are replaced by the bus lines N7 and N8 respectively. During nights before Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, the U-Bahn lines operate continuously.

S-Bahn


Neukölln is served by five S-Bahn (urban railway) lines, with U-Bahn interchanges at Berlin-Hermannstraße (U8) and Berlin-Neukölln (U7), each for all of the five lines. The S45 connects Neukölln and the airport (see below). Two additional important services are the Ringbahn circle lines S41 (clockwise) and S42 (counter-clockwise), connecting i.a. to Südkreuz, Westkreuz, Gesundbrunnen (Nordkreuz) and Ostkreuz. The other two lines are the S47 via Niederschöneweide to Spindlersfeld in the south-east, and the S46, which connects Neukölln to Westend in the far west and the town Königs Wusterhausen south-east of Berlin via Adlershof, Grünau and the town Zeuthen. Overall, Neukölln has four S-Bahn stations, the aforementioned Hermannstraße and Neukölln as well as Sonnenallee on the Ringbahn at the outskirts of Rixdorf, and Köllnische Heide on the southeastbound railway, providing S-Bahn access to the inhabitants of Weiße Siedlung, High-Deck-Siedlung and Schulenburgpark.

Bus
Due to sufficient access to U- and S-Bahn for most areas of Neukölln, the quarter is currently not served by any of Berlin's ExpressBus lines. Still, Neukölln has several regular bus lines, connecting for example Marzahn (194) and Marienfelde (277). There are also four MetroBus lines, the most important ones being the M29 connecting to the western city center including Kurfürstendamm, the M41 to Berlin Central Station, and the southbound M44 to Buckow-Süd, the destination of a potential extension of the U-Bahn line U8 (see below). In addition to the U-Bahn replacement bus lines during night hours, Neukölln is served by several regular night bus lines, for example the N47 connecting Hermannplatz and Berlin East railway station (Ostbahnhof).

Airport connections
Since the closing of the airports Tegel and Tempelhof, whose airfield was partially situated in Neukölln, Berlin only has one remaining international airport, Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER), the former (and greatly extended) Berlin Schönefeld Airport just outside of Berlin. As of 2024, BER passengers to or from Neukölln can only use buses or the S-Bahn for direct connections.

When using the U-Bahn, an interchange between subway and the airport express bus lines X7 and X71 is necessary at the U7 terminus Rudow. For S-Bahn access, an interchange is necessary between U-Bahn and the S45 at the stations Hermannstraße (U8) or Neukölln (U7). As of 2024, the S45 operates every 20 minutes from 5:00–24:00 and 7:00–24:00 on Sundays respectively. During the night, the U-Bahn service is replaced by the night bus line N7, which directly connects Neukölln and the airport.

Future
There are concrete medium-term plans to extend the U7 south beyond Rudow in order to directly connect the airport BER to Neukölln and the rest of Berlin via U-Bahn, adding at least three additional stations inbetween, Rudow-Süd (Neuhofer Straße), Lieselotte-Berger-Platz and Schönefeld for an S-Bahn interchange. As of 2024, a performance audit for the extension is under way. As Greater Berlin has been steadily growing since German reunification to now almost 4.8 million inhabitants, with extensive residential construction happening in Berlin's immediate surrounding regions, public transport extensions to the city's periphery are propagated frequently. With regard to Neukölln, an internal 2023 BVG feasibility study on long-term U-Bahn network expansion included a southbound extension of the U8 beyond Hermannstraße, terminating in Buckow-Süd just outside of Berlin.

Bus and DRT
Two new MetroBus and ExpressBus lines are planned, the M94 to Friedrichsfelde-Ost via Treptow and Ostkreuz station, and the X77 from Hermannstraße to Marienfelde via Alt-Mariendorf.

Mainly two neighborhoods of Neukölln are insufficiently connected to the Berlin public transportation system, either because they were never developed (Schillerpromenade), or because the old and small streets prevent the establishment of bus lines (Alt-Rixdorf). Therefore the Berlin Senate and the BVG plan to create a network of DRT bus lines (Rufbus) for large parts of Neukölln, from the western neighborhoods at the Tempelhofer Feld to the Sonnenallee in the east, covering Schillerpromenade, Flughafenstraße, Rollberg, Körnerpark and both Rixdorf neighborhoods.

Tram
Neukölln currently has no connection to the Berlin MetroTram network, and due to the Teltow slopes and narrower streets in places like Flughafenstraße, only Neukölln's northern neighborhoods in the glacial valley are immediately suitable for tram expansion. A long-gestating plan proposes to extend Berlin's so-called "party tram" line M10 by the year 2030, from Kreuzberg (SO 36) through the Görlitzer Park and crossing the Landwehr Canal into Neukölln, with stations planned at Framstraße, Pannierstraße and Urbanstraße near Hermannplatz via Sonnenallee. This would create a direct public transport connection from Neukölln (Reuterkiez) to Kreuzberg, Friedrichshain, Prenzlauer Berg, Mitte and Moabit via Berlin Central Station.

Motorized individual transport


Since Neukölln is densely populated and highly urbanized, most of its streets come with a speed limit of 30 km/h for motorized vehicles, including more aggressive measures in recent years aimed at reducing traffic with one-way roads and concepts like the Spielstraße ("play street") or the Kiezblock (fixed or modular diverters). Furthermore, in 2024 the Senate of Berlin and the borough's administration have begun to monetize public parking space in the northern neighborhoods in order to steer away some of the excess traffic.

Nevertheless, several main roads function as important arterial connections to other parts of Berlin: Columbiadamm, Urbanstraße and Hasenheide connect to the western parts of Berlin south of the city center via Tempelhof and the eastern neighborhoods of Kreuzberg (61) respectively, while Sonnenallee, Karl-Marx-Straße and Hermannstraße connect to southern and south-eastern parts of Berlin via Britz and Baumschulenweg respectively. The Kottbusser Damm is the main road to the SO 36 neighborhood of Kreuzberg in the north, but traffic calming measures have reduced its importance in recent years. Except for the Columbiadamm, all of the above arterial roads converge at Hermannplatz.

The A100 autobahn just outside of Neukölln's border with Britz connects to the western parts of Berlin, with an eastern extension through parts of Neukölln to Alt-Treptow under construction, and a planned extension further east into Friedrichshain and Lichtenberg via Ostkreuz. At the interchange Autobahndreieck Neukölln, the A100 connects to the A113 autobahn, which leads south to BER airport and the A10, Berlin's orbital autobahn.

Bicycle traffic
Most of Neukölln's one-way streets are two-way for cyclists. In recent years, several side streets have been rededicated as bicycle boulevards, especially in the Reuterkiez, while larger main roads have been reconstructed to include properly separated bike lanes, for example Kottbusser Damm and Hasenheide, with plans for more reconstruction in the coming years.

Pedestrian traffic


Due to Berlin's usually broad sidewalks, extensive speed limits, especially on side streets, and other measures like play streets and an increasing number of one-way streets, Neukölln has become a rather safe environment for pedestrians. However, compared to other German cities, very few pedestrian zones exist in Neukölln, currently only the "youth street" Rütlistraße (Reuterkiez) and the Tempelhofer Feld. There are proposals and concrete plans to rededicate certain locations as either pedestrian zones or mixed zones for pedestrians and cyclists, for example the Elbestraße and Weichselstraße in the Reuterkiez.

Several hiking trails exist along the waterways within or bordering Neukölln, primarily the Landwehr Canal, parts of the Neukölln Ship Canal, the Britz Canal, and the Heidekampgraben in the east. Other green trails are limited to Neukölln's parks, especially the Hasenheide, the Tempelhofer Feld, the Carl-Weder-Park, and the eastern garden plots. However, due to Neukölln's highly urbanized and partially industrialized character, few of the trails are sufficiently interconnected, as it is often found in the suburban quarters of Berlin.

Freight transport


Almost all of Neukölln's industrial parks are situated in the southern and eastern parts of the quarter. Both the A100 and A113 highways function as vital access ways, not least for connecting to the BER airport's freight terminals, but the Neukölln Harbor alongside Berlin's waterways also plays a prominent role in the transportation of goods. Besides S-Bahn services, the stations Hermannstraße, Sonnenallee along the Neukölln Ship Canal, and especially Neukölln offer additional capacities for freigth traffic via railways. They connect eastbound via Köllnische Heide, and westbound alongside Berlin's orbital S-Bahn infrastructure, continuing either westbound via Südkreuz or southbound and southwestbound via Tempelhof. One additional smaller historical railroad still in use today is the Neukölln-Mittenwald railroad, which branches off south of the Tempelhofer Feld between the stations Hermannstraße and Tempelhof and traverses the Teltow Canal in order to connect other industrial areas further south, eventually leading back east to the Teltow Canal via the Rudow industrial through track. Additional shorter sections of railroad connect the Neukölln Harbor directly to Neukölln station and a large industrial park north of the Britz Canal near Neukölln's neighborhood High-Deck-Siedlung.

Main sights

 * Rixdorf village church, consecrated in 1481, adopted by the Moravian Protestants in 1737, officially called Bethlehem Church since 1912.
 * Şehitlik Mosque, on the Turkish cemetery, finished in 2005 by the Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs (DİTİB).
 * Neuköllner Oper: Opera house that hosts a wide range of performances including musicals, baroque opera, operetta, or experimental music theatre. Famous for its aim to bring elitist culture to a wider audience.
 * Stadtbad Neukölln, the local swim hall which consists of antique thermal baths inspired by Greek temples and basilicas.
 * Körnerpark: Park in neobarock style with fountains, orangerie, exhibition rooms and a cafe, founded 1910 by Franz Körner as a present to Rixdorf.

Mayors and other local politicians
Rixdorf became an independent city in 1899 and was incorporated as a borough of Berlin in the 1920 Greater Berlin Act, so the city of Rixdorf (later Neukölln) has only had three mayors and lord mayors respectively. The Boddinstraße is named after Rixdorf's first mayor, Hermann Boddin. None of Rixdorf's and Neukölln's three city mayors were natives. As part of the borough Neukölln, the quarter of Neukölln has been administered by the borough mayor since 1920. As of 2024, the incumbent is Martin Hikel (SPD).

International relations

 * Neukölln, as part of the borough Neukölln, is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural Cities program.
 * Neukölln, as part of the borough Neukölln, has several twin communes and cities, among them Boulogne-Billancourt, Hammersmith and Fulham, Çiğli, Bat Yam, Marino and Prague 5.
 * Neukölln, as part of Berlin, has several twin cities, among them London, Istanbul, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Tokyo and Windhoek.

Film and television
Neukölln has been a favored location for national and international film and television productions. Some works, however, have focused primarily on Neukölln, for example the 2006 motion picture Tough Enough (Knallhart) by Detlev Buck, Zoran Drvenkar and Gregor Tessnow, the 2007 motion picture Straight by Nicolas Flessa, the 2014 television movie The Limits of Patience (Das Ende der Geduld) by Christian Wagner and Stefan Dähnert, the 2017 television series 4 Blocks by Marvin Kren, Oliver Hirschbiegel, Hanno Hackfort, Bob Konrad and Richard Kropf, the 2015 TV miniseries Ecke Weserstraße by Johannes Hertwig, Hayung von Oepen and Mireya Heider de Jahnsen, and also a few documentary films, for example Neukölln Unlimited (2010) by Agostino Imondi and Dietmar Ratsch, or Survival in Neukölln (2017, Überleben in Neukölln) by Rosa von Praunheim.

Music
Songs referencing Neukölln are mostly from German artists, for example the 2017 hip hop song Sonnenallee by AOB and Said, the 2022 farewell hymn Neukölln by Madeline Juno or the satirical proletarian love letter Dit is Neukölln ("This is Neukölln") by Kurt Krömer and Gabi Decker, originally from a television skit and sung to the tune of I Got You Babe, while tangential references are usually found in Deutschrap songs, for example the 2019 U7 Freestyle by Luvre47. Several instrumental works also reference Neukölln, the 1977 David Bowie and Brian Eno track Neuköln [sic!], the 1983 electronic composition Hasenheide by Dieter Moebius, the 2004 track Neukölln 2 by Miss Kittin, and the 2011 Mogwai release Hasenheide.

The song that cemented Rixdorf's infamy as a city of vice across Germany, which eventually prompted the renaming to Neukölln, is the 1889 satirical polka march Der Rixdorfer by Eugen Philippi (music) and Oskar Klein (lyrics), also known as In Rixdorf ist Musike, which was later immortalized in a recording by actor Willi Rose. The lyrics, recited with a strong Berlin German dialect in the first person by a protagonist called Franz, describe his free and easy Sunday partying and dancing spree in Rixdorf, and his meeting his long-time companion, an older woman called Rieke, who insinuates to also be a prostitute.