Ngounié River

The Ngounié River (also Ngunyé, French: Rivière Ngounié) is a river flowing through southwest-central Gabon. It is the last and second most important tributary of the Ogooué River, the first being the Ivindo River. It initially flows down from the Chaillu Mountains, along the border with Congo, and then turns northwest, flowing through the towns of Fougamou, Sindara and Mouila before flowing into the Ogooué.

Etymology
The river name, Ngounié, is a French rewording of "Ngugni", which was originally used by Vili language speakers in the Samba Falls/Imperatrice Falls area in the mid-1800s to call the northern border of their district, "Nsina-Ngugni". When Robert Bruce Napoleon Walker and Paul Du Chaillu arrived in the area, they wrote down "Ngouyai" or "Ngunyé". The Gisir and Punu language speakers of Gabon know the river as "Durembu-du-Manga", while the Apindji, Eviya and Tsogo speakers know it as Otembo-a-Manga. The Kele speakers know it as "Melembye-a-Manga". The first part of these names means "body of water" in the given languages, and "manga" refers to dwarf palm trees which grow along its bank.

Geography
The Ngounié River, with a basin area of about 33100 km2, is the second largest tributary of the Ogooué River. It rises in the Chaillu Mountains. For 60 km, the river has a south and then west flow, and forms a border with Congo. At the Polo River confluence, it changes direction, heading northwest, before passing through three waterfalls. It then establishes a floodplain within a 220 km valley between the Moukande Mountains and the Massif due Chaillu. After meandering for more than 400 km on the valley floor, it joins the Ogooué prior to Lambaréné. Development in the floodplain occurs mostly in the areas between Lébamba and Mouila, and again from the Fougamou area to the Ogooué at Lambarene. Conservatively, the estimated valley flood land area is approximately 150000 ha. The left bank is characterized by sandy clay soils.

The Ngounié River Valley is formed between the forest-covered Du Chaillu Hills and the Ikoundou Mountains, and has grassy vegetation. The region within this valley is also known as Ngounié.

Its tributaries include Louetsié, which passes through Lébamba and Mbigou; Ikoy, whose main tributary are the Ikobe River and the Oumba River; Dollé, which passes through Ndendé; as well as the Ogoulou, Ngongo and Ovigui rivers. Imperatrice Falls (also known as Samba Falls, or Empress Eugénie Falls), are approximately 10 m in height. They are located in a river bend in the Ngounié Province, 5 km from Fougamou. Here, the Ngounié measures approximately 150 m in width and contains small islands. This is within the Peneplain Chaillu, which features granite gneiss and hills as well as rocky bays.

Climate
The climate is characterized by its equatorial humidity. The average temperature varies between 23 - 28 C. The relative humidity is commonly greater than 80%. Annual rainfall is measured around 2000 - 2200 mm. Wet seasons occur during September–December and March–May.

Power development
The hydro-power potential of the Ngounié River has been proposed to be tapped by a hydroelectric project located on the Empress Eugénie Falls. The project is planned as a 56 MW run-of-the-river scheme with four units 14 MW capacity each. Two additional units of 14 MW have also been planned for completion in 2015, thus taking the total installed capacity of the station to 84 MW. The project utilizes the main Empress Eugénie waterfall of about 12 m and a series of rapids in a river length of 2000 m, creating a total head of 20 m for power generation. The geology in the project area consists of granite gneiss formations.