North Vanuatu languages

The North Vanuatu languages form a linkage of Southern Oceanic languages spoken in northern Vanuatu.

Clark (2009)
Clark (2009) provides the following classification of the North Vanuatu languages, divided into two main geographic areas (Torres–Banks–Maewo–Ambae–Pentecost and Santo). Outlier (aberrant) languages identified by Clark (2009) are in italics.


 * North Vanuatu
 * Northern (Torres–Banks–Maewo–Ambae–Pentecost)
 * Torres–Banks languages
 * Torres Islands: Hiw, Lo-Toga (“Loh”)
 * Banks Islands: Lehali–Löyöp (“Ureparapara”), Mwotlap–Volow (“Mwotlav”) , Lemerig–Vera’a (“Vera'a”) , Vurës–Mwesen (“Vurës”) , Mota, Nume, Dorig–Koro–Olrat (“South Gaua”) , Lakon (“Lakona”) , Mwerlap (“Merlav”)
 * Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost
 * Maewo: Sun̄wadia, Sun̄wadaga, Baetora
 * Ambae: Duidui, Northeast Ambae
 * North Pentecost: Raga
 * South Pentecost: Ske (“Seke”) ; Apma, Sa
 * Espiritu Santo languages
 * Cape Cumberland (Nokuku); Tolomako
 * Wusi, Akei–Tasiriki–Tangoa–Araki (“SW Santo”), Tiale–Merei (“Central Santo”) , Kiai, “South-central Santo”, M̈av̈ea (“Mafea”) , Tutuba, Aore, Tamambo (“Tamabo”) ; Mores
 * Southeast Santo, Shark Bay; Sakao

François (2015)
The following list of 9 "Penama" North Vanuatu languages (that is, the North Vanuatu languages excluding the Torres–Banks and Espiritu Santo languages) is from François (2015:18–21).