Notophyllum foliosum

Notophyllum foliosum is a species of annelid in the family Phyllodocidae. The species is found in the Mediterranean Sea, around the island of Madeira, and off the coasts of Scandinavia. Its habitat is the seafloor in shallow areas of 20 – among gravel and stones, and occasionally near the coral Lophelia pertusa. The specific epithet "foliosum" comes from the Latin "foliosus" which refers to something leaf-like.

Taxonomy
The species was originally described under the name Phyllodoce foliosa by Michael Sars in 1835. In 2010, the species was redefined and split in two. Previously, two color morphs of Notophyllum foliosum were known, with one found in deep water among coral, and the other in shallower areas of the seabed. The shallow form retained the name N. foliosum, but the deeper form was split off and given the new name Notophyllum crypticum.

Description
Notophyllum foliosum is approximately 12 millimeters long, and has many bristly segments followed by a pygidium. It has wide dorsal cirri that overlap one another like scales. Like Nereis pelagica, the species' palps are located further back on the body than the paired antennae. At the end of its pharynx is a ring of simple papillae.

Notophyllum foliosum has one pair of eyes attached directly to the brain. It is similar to those of Phyllodoce species and Paranaitis wahlbergi. However, it does not possess ganglia at the bottom of its central antenna, and its front four ganglia are much smaller. The nuchal organs take the form of outgrowths called "epaulettes" and the nuchal ganglia are similar in structure along the length of its body. The positioning of these nuchal ganglia are similar to those of Eulalia. Each nuchal organ has four joints, which on the top side are dispersed into the front ganglion and on the bottom side into the rear ganglion.

Behavior and ecology
Female Notophyllum foliosum incubate their eggs underneath lamellae that are towards their rear. The eggs form a yellow gelatinous mass that are joined together to create a long ribbon-like structure, which wraps around the rear end of the annelid.