ONERA

The Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales (ONERA) is the French national aerospace research centre. It is a public establishment with industrial and commercial operations, and carries out research to enhance innovation and competitiveness in the aerospace and defense sectors.

ONERA was created in 1946 as "Office National d’Études et de Recherches Aéronautiques". Since 1963, its official name has been "Office National d’Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales". However, in January 2007, ONERA has been dubbed "The French Aerospace Lab" to improve its international visibility.

History
ONERA's historic roots are in the Paris suburb of Meudon, south of Paris. As early as 1877, the Chalais-Meudon site hosted an aeronautical research center for military aerostats (balloons): Etablissement central de l’aérostation militaire.

ONERA was created in May 1946 to relaunch aeronautics research, an activity that had gone into hibernation during the Second World War and the German occupation. Its creation reflected the government's decision to recover the large wind tunnel in Ötztal, Austria, in the French administrative zone, and move it to France. Today, ONERA's extensive array of wind tunnels is one of its main assets. ONERA operates a world-class fleet of wind tunnels, the largest in Europe. The S1MA wind tunnel at Modane-Avrieux, developing 88 MW of total power, is Europe's largest transonic wind tunnel (tests at Mach 0.05 to Mach 1).

Organization
The Chairman and CEO of ONERA is appointed by the French Council of Ministers, acting on a proposal by the Minister of Defense. Since June 2014, the Chairman and CEO is Bruno Sainjon.

Sites of ONERA facilities
ONERA is organized in eight geographic areas. It has about 2,000 employees, with 1,500 engineers and scientists (including 230 doctoral candidates), as well as support staff.

Three centers in the greater Paris area (Ile-de-France): Two centers in the Midi-Pyrenees region of southwest France: Three other centers:
 * ONERA Palaiseau, current headquarters
 * ONERA Châtillon
 * ONERA Meudon
 * ONERA Toulouse, near the leading aeronautical engineering schools ISAE-Sup’Aéro and ENAC
 * ONERA Fauga–Mauzac (wind tunnels), south of Toulouse.
 * ONERA Lille, northern France (formerly the Lille Fluid Mechanics Institute)
 * ONERA Salon de Provence, southern France, on the site of the Ecole de l’air flying school
 * ONERA Modane-Avrieux (wind tunnels), in the Savoy region of southeast France.

Scientific departments
ONERA is organized in four scientific branches: Fluid Mechanics and Energetics; Materials and Structures; Physics; and Information Processing and Systems. Wind tunnel testing is managed in the GMT (Grands Moyens Techniques) department. Aerospace prospective depends on a specific department.

The Direction Technique et des Programmes (DTP) comprises the following departments:
 * DAAA - Aérodynamique, aéroélasticité, acoustique.
 * DEMR - Électromagnétisme et radar.
 * DMAS - Matériaux et structures.
 * DMPE - Multi-physique pour l'énergétique.
 * DOTA - Optique et techniques associées.
 * DPHY - Physique, instrumentation, environnement, espace.
 * DTIS - Traitement de l'information et systèmes.

Missions
Unlike NASA in the United States, ONERA is not an agency for space science and exploration. However, it carries out a wide range of research for space agencies, both CNES in France and the European Space Agency (ESA), as well as for the French defense agency, DGA (Direction générale de l’armement). ONERA also independently conducts its own long-term research to anticipate future technology needs. It focuses on scientific research, for example in aerodynamics for concrete applications on aircraft, the design of launchers and new defense technologies, such as drones or unmanned aerial systems (UAS).

ONERA also uses its research and innovation capabilities to support both French and European industry. ONERA has contributed to a number of landmark aerospace and defense programs in recent decades, including Airbus, Ariane, Rafale, Falcon, Mirage and Concorde.

Rockets
Various rockets have been developed through ONERA, some of which are listed below:
 * Daniel
 * Antarès
 * Bérénice
 * Tibère
 * Tacite
 * Titus
 * LEX

Commercial partnerships
ONERA's customer-partners include Airbus (Airbus Helicopters), Safran (Snecma, Turbomeca, Sagem), Dassault Aviation, Thales and other major industry players. Innovative small businesses are also encouraged to call on the expertise of ONERA's scientists and engineers, and to take advantage of technology transfer opportunities. The company Tefal was created by two ONERA engineers, the inventors of the “non-stick pan”. These products were produced and sold by Tefal S.A., which was subsequently acquired by Groupe SEB.