Obi (sash)



An obi (帯) is a belt of varying size and shape worn with both traditional Japanese clothing and uniforms for Japanese martial arts styles. Originating as a simple thin belt in Heian period Japan, the developed over time into a belt with a number of different varieties, with a number of different sizes and proportions, lengths, and methods of tying. The, which once did not differ significantly in appearance between men and women, also developed into a greater variety of styles for women than for men.

Despite the kimono having been at one point and continuing to appear to be held shut by the, many modern are too wide and stiff to function in this way, with a series of ties known as , worn underneath the , used to keep the kimono closed instead.

are categorised by their design, formality, material, and use, and can be made of a number of types of fabric, with heavy brocade weaves worn for formal occasions, and some lightweight silk worn for informal occasions. are also made from materials other than silk, such as cotton, hemp and polyester, though silk are considered a necessity for formal occasions. In the modern day, pre-tied, known as or , are also worn, and do not appear any different to a regular  when worn.

Though can be inexpensive when bought second-hand, they typically cost more than a kimono, particularly when purchased brand-new. A number of specialist fabrics used particularly to make are highly prized for their craftsmanship and reputation of quality, such as, produced in the Nishijin district of Kyoto, and  produced in Fukuoka prefecture.

Heian period to Edo period


In its early days, the was a cord or ribbon-like sash, approximately 8 cm in width. Men's and women's were similar. At the beginning of the 17th century, both women and men wore a thin, ribbon-like. By the 1680s, the width of women's had already doubled from its original size. In the 1730s women's were about 25 cm wide, and at the turn of the 19th century were as wide as 30 cm. At that time, separate ties and cords were necessary to hold the  in place. Men's were widest in the 1730s, at about 16 cm.

Before the Edo period, robes were fastened with a narrow sash at the hips. The mode of attaching the sleeve widely to the torso part of the garment would have prevented the use of wider. When the sleeves of the began to grow in both horizontal width and vertical length at the beginning of the Edo period, the  widened as well. There were two reasons for this: firstly, to maintain the aesthetic balance of the outfit, the longer sleeves needed a wider sash to accompany them; secondly, unlike today (where they are customary only for unmarried women) married women also wore long-sleeved kimono in the 1770s. The use of long sleeves without leaving the underarm open would have hindered movements greatly. These underarm openings in turn made room for even wider.

Originally, all were tied in the front. Later, fashion began to affect the position of the knot, and could be tied to the side or to the back. As grew wider the knots grew bigger, and it became cumbersome to tie the  in the front. By the end of the 17th century were mostly tied in the back. However, the custom did not become firmly established before the beginning of the 20th century.

At the end of the 18th century, it was fashionable for a woman's to have overly long hems that were allowed to trail behind when in house. For moving outside, the excess cloth was tied up beneath the with a wide cloth ribbon called. Contemporary women's kimono are made similarly over-long, but the hems are not allowed to trail; the excess cloth is tied up to hips, forming a fold called the. are still used, but only as a decorative accessory.

Modern day
The most formal women's, the , is technically obsolete, worn only by some brides, with a modified, longer version - the (lit., "dangling ") - worn by , in the present day. The lighter has taken the place of. The originally-everyday is the most common  used today, and fancy  may even be accepted as a part of a semi-ceremonial outfit.

The use of fancy, decorative knots has also narrowed, though mainly through the drop in the numbers of women wearing kimono on a regular basis, with most women tying their  in the  (lit., "drum knot") style. , also known as, have gained popularity as pre-tied belts accessible to those with mobility issues or a lack of knowledge on how to wear.

Tatsumura Textile located in Nishijin in Kyoto is a centre of manufacture today. Founded by Heizo Tatsumura I in the 19th century, it is renowned for making some of the most luxurious available. Amongst Tatsumura's students studying design was the later-painter Inshō Dōmoto.

The technique, traditionally produced in the Nishijin area of Kyoto, is intricately woven and can have a three dimensional effect, costing up to 1 million yen.

The Kimono Institute was founded by Kazuko Hattori in the 20th century and teaches how to tie an and wear it properly.

Women's
[[File:Obi dimensions.png|thumb|right|upright|Women's in scale:

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There are many types of for women, with certain types of  worn only with certain types of kimono to certain occasions. Often, the can adjust the formality of the entire kimono outfit, with the same kimono being worn to occasions of differing formality depending on the  worn with it. Most women's no longer keep the kimono closed, owing to their stiffness and width, and a number of ties worn under the  keep the kimono in place.

A woman's formal can be 30 cm wide and more than 4 m long, with the longest variety – the, nearing 6 m in length – worn only by  in some regions of Japan. Some women's are folded in two width-wise when worn, to a width of about 15 cm to 20 cm; the full width of the  is present only in the knot at the back of the kimono, with the band around the middle appearing to be half-width when worn.

There are a number of different ways to tie an, and different knots are suited to different occasions and different kimono. The itself often requires the use of stiffeners and cords for definition of shape and decoration, and some knots, such as the, require additional accessories in order to keep their shape.

Women's types



 * "dangling " (だらり帯) are very long worn by  in some regions of Japan. A 's  features the crest of the geisha house she is affiliated with at the end of the, below the  (end lines).  are roughly 600 cm long, but in some cases can be as long as 700 cm long.
 * "pouch " (袋帯) are slightly less formal than, despite being functionally the most formal variety of worn today.  are made from either a single double-width length of fabric with a seam down one edge, or from two lengths of fabric sewn together down each edge; for  made from two lengths of fabric, the fabric used for the backside may be cheaper and appear to be more plain.  are made in roughly three subtypes. The most formal and expensive of these is patterned brocade on both sides. The second type is two-thirds patterned, the so-called "60% ", and is somewhat cheaper and lighter than the first type. The third type has patterns only in the parts that will be prominent when the  is worn in the common  style.  are roughly 30 cm wide and 360 cm to 450 cm long.When worn, a  is nearly impossible to tell from a.
 * Fukuro nagoya obi (袋名古屋帯) or "eight-inch " (八寸名古屋帯) is an that has been sewn in two only where the  knot would begin. The part wound around the body is folded when put on. The  is intended for making the more formal, two-layer variation of the, known as the . It is about 350 cm long.
 * "thin sash" (細帯) is a collective name for informal half-width . are 15 cm to 20 cm wide and roughly 330 cm long.
 * "half-width " (半幅帯/半巾帯) are a type of thin and informal worn with a  or a lower-formality .  are very popular, as they are easy to wear, relatively cheap, and often come in a variety of colourful designs. For use with, reversible  are popular: they can be folded and twisted in several ways to create colour effects. A  is 15 cm wide and 300 cm to 400 cm long. Tying it is relatively easy, and does not require pads or strings. The knots used for  are often simplified versions of . As it is easy to tie and less formal, the  is sometimes worn in self-invented styles, often with decorative ribbons and accessories.
 * Kobukuro obi (小袋帯) is an unlined roughly 15 cm to 20 cm wide and roughly 300 cm long.
 * Hara-awase obi (典雅帯) or "day-and-night " (昼夜帯) is an informal that has sides of different colours. Having been historically popular, the  is frequently seen in woodblock prints and photographs from the Edo and Meiji periods, and most  are vintage or antique pieces; they are not as frequently made or worn today.  typically have a dark, sparingly decorated underside and a more colourful, decorated topside; the underside is commonly plain black satin silk ( silk) with no decoration, though  with decoration on both sides do exist.  are frequently not lined, making them relatively floppy, soft and easy to tie. They are about 30 cm wide and 350 cm to 400 cm long.
 * "soft " (兵児帯) are very informal made of soft, thin cloth, often dyed with . Their traditional use was as an informal  for children and men, and though historically would have been inappropriate for women to wear, the  is now also worn by young girls and women with modern, informal kimono and . An adult's  is roughly the same size of any other adult, about 20 cm to 30 cm wide and about 300 cm long.
 * "one-layer " (単帯) are made from cloth stiff enough that the does not need a lining or a sewn-in stiffener. One well-known type of  is the hakata-ori obi (博多織帯), which consists of thick weft thread interwoven with thin warp thread with a stiff, tight weave;  made from this material are also called hakata obi (博多帯). A  can be worn with everyday kimono or .  A  is 15 cm to 20 cm wide (the so-called ) or 30 cm wide and about 400 cm long.
 * "capital " (京袋帯) was invented in the 1970s in Nishijin, Kyoto. It lies between the and the  in terms of formality and use, and can be used to smarten up an everyday outfit. A  is structured like a  but is as short as a . It thus can also be turned inside out for wear like reversible . A  is about 30 cm wide and 350 cm long.
 * "one-piece " (丸帯) is the most formal type of women's, though all but obsolete today. It is made from cloth about 68 cm wide and is folded around a double lining and sewn together. were at their most popular during the Taishō and Meiji periods. Their bulk and weight make  difficult to tie by oneself, and are worn only by  and brides in the present day. A  is about 30 cm to 35 cm wide and 360 cm to 450 cm long, fully patterned and is often embroidered with metal-coated yarn and foilwork.
 * "chopping board " (俎板帯) is the style of front-tied, flat worn historically by some  (courtesans), and now worn by courtesan-reenactors and kabuki actors on stage.  are thickly padded and commonly feature large-scale, heavily decorated and sometimes three-dimensional motifs such as butterflies, clouds and Chinese dragons, typically on a background of satin silk.
 * Nagoya obi (名古屋帯) – also called "nine-inch " (九寸名古屋帯) – is the most-used type today. A  is distinguished by its structure: one end is folded and sewn in half, the other end is of full width. This is to make putting the  on easier. A  can be partly- or fully-patterned. It is normally worn only in the  style, and many  are designed so that they have patterns only in the part that will be most prominent in the knot.  are shorter than other  types, about 315 cm to 345 cm long, but of the same width, about 30 cm. The  is relatively new, developed by a seamstress living in Nagoya at the end of the 1920s. The new, easy-to-use  gained popularity among Tokyo's geisha, from whom it then was adopted by fashionable city women for their everyday wear. The formality of a  depends on its material, just as with other  types. Since the  was originally used as everyday wear, it cannot be worn to very formal occasions, but a  made from heavy brocade is considered acceptable as semi-ceremonial wear. The term  can also refer to another  with the same name, used centuries ago. This  was cord-like.
 * "dance (踊帯) is a name for used in dance acts. An  is typically simply-patterned with large, obvious motifs, commonly woven in gold or silver metallic threads, so as to be easily-visible from the audience.  can be 10 cm to 30 cm wide and 350 cm to 450 cm long. As the term  is not established, it can refer to any  meant for dance acts, though is generally understood to refer to  with large and simplistic metallic designs.
 * "rag weave (裂織帯) are a style of made by using strips of old cloth, woven into a narrow, striped fabric. The warp yarn is typically an actual yarn, whereas the strips of recycled cloth as used as the weft; though narrow,  may require cloth the equivalent of three kimonos' worth to create. Historically woven at home out of necessity,  are informal, and are generally not worn outside the house. A  is similar to a  in size, and though informal, is prized as an example of rural craftsmanship.
 * "fancy " (典雅帯) resemble, but are considered to be more formal. They are usually wider and made from fancier cloth more suitable for celebration. The patterns usually include auspicious, celebratory motifs. A is about 20 cm wide and 350 cm to 400 cm long.
 * Tsuke obi (付け帯) or tsukuri obi (作り帯) or "easy " (簡単帯) refers to any ready-tied, regardless of the knot the has been sewn into. It often has a separate, internally-stiffened knot piece, and a piece that is wrapped around the waist. The  is fastened in place by ribbons attached to each piece.  are most commonly informal styles of , though more formal pre-tied  do exist, as they are indistinguishable from a regular  when worn.

Accessories for women's

 * " bustle" (帯揚げ) is a scarf-like length of cloth worn above the . Though it functions as decoration, it may also function to cover the and keep the upper part of the  knot in place.  The  can be worn by women at any age, with it being custom to show more of the  the younger one is. It can be tied in a variety of different ways, and is commonly dyed using the  – typically the  – dye technique.
 * "sash clip" (帯留) is a small, decorative brooch fastened onto the at the front, commonly made from precious metals and gemstones. Though most  are relatively small, the  worn by  are comparably much larger, and may be the most expensive item of the 's finished outfit. Certain types of  are woven specifically for  to be fastened to them.
 * are long stiffeners inserted between folds of the at the front, giving it a smooth, flat appearance. Some types of  are attached around the waist with cords before the  is put on;  are available in a number of different sizes, weights and materials to suit both the season and the  itself.
 * Obijime (帯締め) are decorative cords roughly 150 cm long tied around the  and knotted at either the front or the back. The  can be both functional and decorative, serving to keep certain  in place and add extra decoration to an outfit. Most  are woven silk, with a number of varieties - such as rounded  worn with, open-weave  worn for summer and  with gold and silver threads worn to formal occasions - available. One less commonly-worn variety of , the , is not a woven cord, and is instead a sewn, stuffed tube of fabric; this variety is generally only worn with  worn to highly formal events and on stage by kabuki actors. Woven or otherwise, most  feature tassels at each end.
 * " pillow" (帯枕) is a small pillow that supports and shapes the knot. The most common knot worn by women today, the, is shaped and held in place with the use of an ; elsewhere, one or two large  are used in the tying of the  worn by some.

Men's
The worn by men are much narrower than those of women, with the width of most men's  being about 10 cm at the most. Men's are worn in a much simpler fashion than women's, worn below the stomach and tied in a number of relatively simple knots at the back - requiring no  or  to achieve.

Men's types

 * "waistband" (兵児帯) are soft, informal made from drapey and often -dyed fabrics such as crêpe, silk, cotton and others. It is generally tied in a loose, casual knot; though  for children are short,  for adults are roughly as long as any other adult-sized  – 350 cm to 400 cm long – but can be comparably wider, at up to 74 cm. Adult men generally wear  only at home or in the summer months with a , whereas young boys can wear it in public at mostly any time of year.
 * "stiff " (角帯) is the second type of men's, roughly 10 cm wide and 400 cm long. Depending on its material, colours and patterns, are suitable for any and all occasions, from the most informal to the most formal of situations.  are most commonly made of  ), but can also be made from silk pongee (known as ), silk gauze and heavier, brocade-type weaves of silk. A variety of  knots exist for the , and it is most commonly worn in the  knot.
 * "dance (踊帯) are also worn by men, but are much narrower. Male versions are roughly 11.5 cm wide and have a length of around 350 cm long. They, like women's versions, are also simply-patterned with large, obvious motifs, commonly woven in gold or silver metallic threads, so as to be easily-visible from the audience.

Accessories


Men's are not generally worn with accessories, being for the most part too thin to accommodate any of the accessories worn with women's.

However, in the Edo period, practical box-shaped accessories called inro (印籠), which hung from with a fastener called, became popular. is a general term for bags and boxes for cigarettes, pipes, ink, brushes, etc. Among them, a small stackable box for seals and medicines is. , which originated in the Sengoku period, were first used as practical goods, but after the middle of the Edo period, when were gorgeously decorated with various lacquer techniques such as  and, samurai and wealthy merchants competed to collect them and wore them as accessories with kimono. And from the end of the Edo period to the Meiji period, became a complete art collection. Nowadays, are rarely worn as kimono accessories, but there are collectors all over the world.

Children's


Children's are generally soft, simple sashes, designed to be easy and comfortable to wear, though older children may wear simple, stiffer  made short, such as  and ; as they age, children begin to wear kimono outfits that are essentially miniaturised versions of adult kimono and. The youngest children wear soft, scarf-like.

Children's types

 * "three-foot-long " (三尺帯, さんじゃくおび) is a type of men's . It is named for its length, three old Japanese feet (鯨尺). The is sometimes known simply as sanjaku (三尺). During the Edo period, it gained popularity as a simple and easy-to-wear  paired with casual, everyday kimono. According to some theories, the  originates from a scarf of the same length, which was folded and used as a sash. A  typically is shaped like a, narrow and with short stitches. It is usually made from soft cotton-like cloth. Because of its shortness, the  is tied in the  style, which is much like a square knot.
 * Shigoki obi (しごき帯) were previously worn to prevent kimono from trailing along the floor when walking outside, used to tie up the excess length when going out; over time, this style of wear became the standard for wearing kimono both inside and outside, evolving into the hip fold worn today. Nowadays the 's only function is decorative. It is part of a 7-year-old girl's outfit for celebration of Shichi-Go-San.
 * (pre-tied ) are popular as children's because of their ease of use. There are even formal  available for children. These  correspond to  on the formality scale.

In martial arts


Many Japanese martial arts feature an as part of their uniform. These are often made of thick cotton and are about 5 cm wide. The martial arts are most often worn in the  style; in practice where the  is worn, the  is tied in other ways.

In many martial arts the colour of the signifies the wearer's skill level. Usually the colours start from the beginner's white and end in the advanced black, or masters' red and white. When the exercise outfit includes a, the colour of the has no significance.

Knots ()
The knot tied with the is known as the "knot" (結び/むすび). Though functioned to hold the kimono closed for many centuries, beginning in the Edo period, the  became too wide and/or too stiff to function effectively in this manner. In the modern day, a number of ties and accessories are used to keep the kimono in place, with the functioning in a more decorative capacity.

Though most styles of can be tied by oneself, some varieties of formal women's  can be difficult to tie successfully without the assistance of others.

There are hundreds of decorative knots, particularly for women, often named for their resemblance to flowers, animals and birds. knots follow the same rough conventions of style and suitability as kimono do, with the more complex and fanciful knots reserved for younger women on festive occasions, and knots with a plainer appearance being mostly worn by older women; however, some knots, such as the, have become the standard knot for women of all ages, excluding young girls.

In earlier days, the knots were believed to banish malicious spirits. Many knots have a name with an auspicious double meaning.

Types of knots

 * "morning glory knot" (朝顔結び/あさがおむすび) is a knot resembling the Japanese morning glory, suitable to be worn with . The knot requires a very long, so it can be usually only be made for little girls.
 * "iris knot" (菖蒲結び/あやめむすび) is a very complex and decorative knot resembling an iris blossom. It is considered suitable for young women in informal situations and parties. Because of the complexity and conspicuousness of the knot, it should be worn with more subdued, preferably monochrome kimono and.
 * "rose knot" (薔薇結び/バラむすび) is a contemporary knot suitable for young women, often worn to formal occasions at the lowest end of "formal". Because of the complexity of the knot, a multi-coloured or strongly patterned should not be used, and the patterns of the kimono should generally match the knot.
 * "butterfly knot" (蝶蝶結び/ちょうちょうむすび) is a version of the, tied using the . Most pre-tied are tied with this knot.
 * "dangling knot" (だらりむすび) is a knot worn only by, dancers and kabuki actors. It is easily distinguishable by its long "tails" hanging in the back, which require an of up to 6 m in length to achieve. In the past, courtesans and daughters of rich merchants would also have their  tied in this manner. A half-length version of this knot, known as the  (lit., "half-dangling knot"), also exists, with apprentice geisha in some regions of Japan wearing this at various stages throughout their apprenticeship. The  is worn specifically by  in Gion to perform the , a well-known short song performed at geisha parties whose lyrics - "dear lovely Gion, the dangling " - explicitly mention it, referring to the classical image of Gion's.
 * "puffed sparrow knot" (ふくら雀結び) is a decorative knot that resembles a sparrow with its wings spread, and is generally worn only by young women. It is suitable for formal occasions and is typically only worn with a . Traditionally, the worn with a  indicated a woman was available for marriage.
 * "clam's mouth knot" (貝の口むすび) is a subdued which is commonly worn by men, and sometimes worn by older women for convenience, or by women in general as a style choice.
 * "foal knot" (駒結び) is a square knot often used for tying and . The short  worn by children is also tied in this way.
 * "drum knot" (太鼓結び) is the most commonly-worn knot worn by women in the present day. It is a knot with a simple, subdued appearance, and resembles a box with a short tail underneath. The is suitable for women of almost every age, mostly every kind of kimono, and is suitable for mostly all occasions; only  and mostly all  are considered unsuitable to be worn with the . Though the knot is associated with the  drum, the knot was actually created to celebrate the opening of the Taikobashi bridge in Tokyo in 1823 by some geisha, a style which soon widely caught on.
 * "two-layer drum knot" (二重太鼓結び) is a version of the, tied with the formal are longer than the , so the  must be folded in two when tying the knot. The knot has an auspicious double meaning of "double joy".
 * "standing arrow knot" (立て矢むすび) is a knot resembling a large bow, and is one of the most simple knots worn with the . According to (kimono dressing) teacher Norio Yamanaka, it is the most suitable knot to be used with the  - a  with full-length sleeves.
 * "eagle plant knot" (鷲草結び) is a bow resembling a certain plant thought to look like an eagle taking flight.