Odia script

The Odia script (ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର, also ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲିପି) is a Brahmic script used to write primarily Odia language and others including Sanskrit and other regional languages. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. The script has developed over more than 1000 years from a variant of Siddhaṃ script which was used in Eastern India, where the characteristic top line transformed into a distinct round umbrella shape due to the influence of palm leaf manuscripts and also being influenced by the neighbouring scripts from the Western and Southern regions.

Odia is a syllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.

An important feature of the Odia language seen in the script is the retention of inherent vowel in consonants, also known as schwa, at both medial and final positions. This absence of schwa deletion, which is also seen in Sanskrit, marks it from the rest of modern Indo-Aryan languages and their equivalent usage in related Brahmic scripts. The absence of the inherent vowel in the consonant is marked by a virama or halanta sign below the consonant.

History
In Eastern India, a derivative of Siddhaṃ script yielded a group of scripts that eventually became Bengali-Assamese scripts, Tirhuta script and the Odia script, with the latter turning the hook into a characteristic umbrella. The earliest known example of Odia language, in the Kalinga script, dates from 1051.



The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear with the use of too many straight lines.



As with all the Brahmic scripts in the region, the Odia script developed through four stages which can be seen from the stone inscriptions, copper-plates and the manuscripts. The periods of development are in the following order,


 * 1) Proto-Odia: ca 7th- 9th CE
 * 2) Medieval Odia: ca 10th- 12th CE
 * 3) Transitional Odia: ca 12th- 14th CE
 * 4) Modern (current) Odia: ca 14th- 16th CE

The archaic and medieval forms of Odia are more influenced by the calligraphy of the scripts of neighbouring regions, such as,


 * 1) In Northern Odisha, where the letters are written in Odia, mixed in with Siddham-derived Gaudi style (that is the right vertical part of the letter is slightly bent inwards).
 * 2) In southern Odisha, where it is mixed with Telugu-Kannada round, cursive form.
 * 3) In Western Odisha, where it is mixed with Nagari and Siddham (squarish shape in upper-part).

With regards to the epigraphical sources, the antiquities which display the various historical forms of writing in Odia script include rock-edicts, temple inscriptions, stone-slabs, pillar inscriptions, sculptures, copper-plates, coins and palm-leaf manuscripts, illustrated manuscripts, ivory plates and allied materials. Numerous instances of the items depicting all the respective stages of the development of the Odia script during the illustrious dynasties of Eastern Ganga, Somavanshi, Bhanja, Bhauma-kara, Sailodbhava dynasties.

Some of them belonging to different centuries are as follows-


 * 1) One of the earliest specimens of the Odia script is that of the Urjam inscription dating from the 11th CE (1051 CE). The language used in the inscriptions is a dialect spoken on the border regions of Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. The same applies to a bilingual and biscriptual stone inscription (Odia and Tamil) from the reign of Narasimhadeva (13th CE), found at Bhubaneswar. Odia language in old Odia script is seen on the right side while Tamil in Grantha on the left side.
 * 2) The Gumsur copper-plate grant of Netribhanjadeva (11th CE) depicts the medieval phase of this script in square and round variety.
 * 3) The stone inscription of the Pottesvara temple, Ganjam district (137 CE), is a notable example of Odia script influenced by Telugu-Kannada variety.
 * 4) The Antirigam plate of Yashabhanjadeva (12th CE) depicts Odia calligraphy influenced by northern Nagari. The differences in letters script seems to indicate of the script being in a transitional phase.
 * 5) Khilor inscription of Anantavarman (12th CE) shows the Gaudi or Proto-Oriya script round shape on the upper part, almost developed like the modern ones.
 * 6) The early epigraphical records of the Puri inscriptions of Anangabhima III (1211-1238 CE), which is considered to be as one of the earliest Odia inscriptions showing the Gaudi characters, not only shows the stage of the proto, early and medieval phase if the evolution of the Odia script, but also the numericals in early proto-Oriya type while others to be that of the Telugu-Kannada type. The earlier inscription of Chodagangadeva (1114-1115 CE) shows the Late Siddhaṃ variety where the pristhamatra style of vowel diacritics is quite prominent.
 * 7) In the records of Kenduapatna copper-plates in Sanskrit of the Eastern Ganga King Narasimhadeva II (1278-1305 CE), a transitional variety is seen depicting the development of Odia from Gaudi (showing squarish with round headlines in a ductus that is quite commonly seen on copper-plates and stone inscriptions).
 * 8) The copper-plate land-grant record of the Gajapati King Purushottamadeva (15th CE), inscribed on a copper axe-head, shows the distinct early version of the modern Odia script which are also seen on the palm-leaves manuscripts belonging to the 15th CE.

With regards to the manuscript sources, the full-fledged script of Odia acquires its classical umbrella hook shape through the development, modification as well as simplification between the 14th and 15th CE, when the palm-leaf manuscript culture becomes dominant in this region. Since the palm-leaves are perishable in nature, no manuscripts are currently available pre-15th CE. Hence, recent works are also important as they show the rare and ancient text as well as artistic illustrations. One of the earliest dated palm-leaf manuscripts is that of Abhinava Gita-Govinda kept in Odisha State Museum. The date of completion of the manuscript is estimated to be that of 1494 CE. Among other manuscripts present at the museum, includes historical works like manuscripts of Jayadeva's Gita-Govinda (16th CE) to the relatively recent works of 18th,19th and 20th century.

Overwhelmingly, the Odia script was used to write the Odia language. However, it has been used as a regional writing-system for Sanskrit. Furthermore, Grierson in his famed Linguistic Survey of India mentioned that the Odia script is sometimes used for Chhattisgarhi, an Eastern Hindi language, in the eastern border regions of Chhattisgarh. However it appears to have been replaced with the Devanagari script.

Consonants
Two categories of consonant letters are defined in Odia: the structured consonants (ବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ) and the unstructured consonants (ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ).

The structured consonants are classified according to their place of articulation, that is, where the tongue touches the palate.

In the first standardised Odia alphabet book, Barnabodha was compiled by Madhusudan Rao in 1895, the phonemes ba, va and wa were represented by the same letter ବ, with the sounds va and wa. This was because the phonemes ba and va had merged in the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages. The phoneme wa could be written through the consonant ligature symbol ୍ୱ, which it shared with ba. Gopala Chandra Praharaj, who compiled and published the first comprehensive Odia dictionary, Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha (1931–40), introduced a new letter ୱ to the script to represent the sound wa. An alternate letter was created for wa, ଵ, but it has not gained wide acceptance.

Ligatures
Clusters of two or more consonants form a ligature. Odia has two types of consonant ligatures, the "northern" and "southern" types. The "northern" type is formed by fusion of two or more consonants as in northern scripts like Devanāgarī; in some instances, the components of a northern-type ligature be easily identified, but sometimes completely new glyphs are formed. With the "southern" type, the second component is reduced in size and put under the first as in the southern scripts used for Kannada script and Telugu.

There are some ambiguities. The subjoined form of ଛ cha is also used for subjoined ଥ tha: The sign for the nasal ଂ ṃ looks similar to the right side of the glyph used for ଫ pha and ଙ ṅa:
 * for ଛ cha: ଚ୍ଛ ccha, ଞ୍ଛ ñcha, ଶ୍ଛ ścha
 * for ଥ tha: ନ୍ଥ ntha, ସ୍ଥ stha
 * ଫ pha (versus ପଂ paṃ)
 * ଙ ṅa (versus ଡଂ ḍaṃ or ଉଂ uṃ)
 * ମ୍ଫ mpha (versus ମ୍ପଂ mpaṃ)

Vowels
Odia is an alphasyllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.

There is no significant difference in the pronunciation of long and short vowels.

A different form of ଇ is used with the consonants ଖ (kha), ଥ (tha), ଧ (dha). This diacritic is a remnant from the Odia cursive style variant Karani script.

There is a set of four vocalics, each with an independent form and vowel diacritic, but only one, ଋ is used in modern Odia. ୠ, ଌ, ୡ and their diacritics are only used for Sanskrit transcription, so they are not always included in the Odia alphabet.

Additional letters and diacritics
The anusvara and candrabindu diacritics are used to indicate nasalisation. A visarga adds a post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative ḥ to the end of a syllable.

Karani script or Odia calligraphic style
Karani script (କରଣୀ ଅକ୍ଷର) (also Chata script ଛଟା ଅକ୍ଷର) was a cursive/calligraphic style variant of the Odia script developed by the Karana (କରଣ) community, the scribes (professional writer-class) of the Odia royal courts. It was used in the pre-Independence Orissa (Odisha) region in South Asia and was primarily used by the Karana community who were working for administrative purposes, documentation and keeping records in the royal courts of the Odia princely states (Orissa Tributary States). The name Karani is derived from the metal stylus, Karani that was used for writing on palm leaf.

Comparison of Odia script with ancestral script
Odia letters are mostly round shaped whereas sister scripts from Siddhaṃ have horizontal lines. So in most cases the reader of Odia will find the related distinctive parts of the letter only below the curved hoop.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The following is a sample text in Odia of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Odia in the Odia script
ସମସ୍ତ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଏବଂ ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାରରେ ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ବୁଦ୍ଧି ଆଉ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭ୍ରାତୃତ୍ୱ ମନୋଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଉଚିତ୍ ।

Gloss
All human beings from birth are free and dignity and rights are equal. Their reason and intelligence endowed with and they towards one another in a brotherhood spirit behaviour to do should.

Translation
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Unicode
Odia script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Odia is U+0B00–U+0B7F: