One Nation, One Election

One Nation, One Election is a proposal under consideration by the Government of India to synchronise all elections in the country either on a single day or within a specific time frame. One of its most notable proposals is to simultaneously conduct elections to the Lok Sabha & state legislative assemblies of all 28 states & 2 union territories of Delhi & Puduchery.

History
The first few general elections post-independence were held simultaneously, with the state legislative assembly elections. While the practice continued till 1967, due to the premature dissolution of some state assemblies in 1968 and 1969, the system of simultaneous elections was disrupted. Since 2014, Narendra Modi, who was then Chief Minister of Gujarat, has been espousing simultaneous elections stating that it will reduce wastage of public money, and will ensure the smooth flow of development work, which otherwise gets arrested when the model code of conduct is in force.

In August 2018, the Law Commission of India released its draft report on simultaneously holding all direct elections in the country beginning from the panchayats upto the Lok Sabha within a given time period of a single year. In order to conduct such simultaneous elections, it said that there needs to be made appropriate amendments to the Constitution, the Representation of the People Act 1951, and the Rules of Procedure of Lok Sabha and state Assemblies. The commission also recommended that the amendments receive ratification from at least 50% of the states. With respect to the advantages of holding simultaneous polls, the commission said that it will lead to the saving of public money, reducing the strain on the administrative setup and security forces, timely implementation of government policies, and administrative focus on development activities rather than electioneering.

Reasoning and Need
According to an estimate deliberated in a parliamentary panel discussion, elections to the Lok Sabha and legislative assemblies cost the Election Commission of India more than Rs 4,500 crore. This is besides the declared and undeclared poll expenses by candidates and political parties. The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice in its 79th report on "Feasibility of Holding Simultaneous Elections to the House of People (Lok Sabha) and State Assemblies, 2015" recommended holding of polls in two phases, which it said was a more practical method of approaching the subject. The first phase could be held in November 2016, said the report, which was tabled the previous year. Polls to all state legislatures whose terms end before or after a time period of six months to one year from the election date, could be brought together. So, the parliamentary panel was of the view that the term of some assemblies would have to be shortened, while the remaining could be extended in order to hold simultaneous elections.

High-Level Committee
On 2 September 2023, the Government of India issued a notification constituting a high-level committee to examine the issue of simultaneous elections. This notification states:


 * "WHEREAS elections to the House of the People and Legislative Assemblies of States were mostly held simultaneously from 1951-52 to 1967 after which this cycle got broken and now, elections are held almost every year and within a year too at different times, which result in massive expenditure by the Government and other stakeholders, diversion of security forces and other electoral officers engaged in such elections from their primary duties for significantly prolonged periods, disruption in developmental work on account of prolonged application of Model Code of Conduct, etc.;
 * AND WHEREAS the Law Commission of India in its 170th Report on Reforms of the Electoral Laws observed that: "This cycle of elections every year, and in the out of season, should be put an end to. We must go back to the situation where the elections to Lok Sabha and all the Legislative Assemblies are held at once. It is true that we cannot conceive or provide for all the situations and eventualities that may arise whether on account of the use of Article 356 (which of course has come down substantially after the decision of Supreme Court in S.R. Bommai vs Union of India) or for other reasons, yet the holding of a separate election to a Legislative Assembly should be an exception and not the rule. The rule ought to be 'one election once in five years for Lok Sabha and all the Legislative Assemblies'.";
 * AND WHEREAS the Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice in its 79th Report on 'Feasibility of Holding Simultaneous Election to the House of People (Lok Sabha) and State Legislative Assemblies' submitted in December, 2015 has also examined the matter and recommended an alternative and practical method of holding simultaneous elections in two phases;
 * NOW, THEREFORE, in view of the above and that in the national interest it is desirable to have simultaneous elections in the country, the Government of India hereby constitutes a High Level Committee [hereinafter referred to as 'HLC'] to examine the issue of simultaneous elections and make recommendations for holding simultaneous elections in the country."

This committee has been constituted under the chairmanship of former President of India Ram Nath Kovind. Other members of this committee are: On 14th March 2024, former President Ram Nath Kovind submitted the 18,000 pages long final report prepared by the committee to the incumbent President of India, Draupadi Murmu. Among many things, the report suggested The Committee also sought legal advice from 4 former CJIs, 3 former Chief Justices of state High Courts & 1 former CEC. 21,558 responses from the public were also recorded, out of which the Law Ministry reported that 81% were in favour of the proposal.
 * Amit Shah, Union Home Minister
 * Arjun Ram Meghwal, Union Law Minister
 * Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, parliamentary leader of the Indian National Congress (the largest party in the Opposition) in Lok Sabha
 * Ghulam Nabi Azad, former Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha
 * NK Singh, Chairman of the 15th Finance Commission
 * Dr Subhash C Kashyap, former Secretary General of Lok Sabha
 * Harish Salve, senior advocate of the Supreme Court
 * Sanjay Kothari, former Chief Vigilance Commissioner
 * Setting up an 'Appointed Date' after the upcoming general elections to mark the new electoral cycle from 2029. This will require extending the term of those state legislative assemblies which are due to expire before this date & prematurely dissolve others whose 5-year term extend beyond this date.
 * A total of 18 amendments to the Constitution, most importantly Article 83 (concerning duration of the Houses of the Parliament) & Article 172 (concerning duration of the state legislative assemblies) are required.
 * States are required to ratify amendments to Article 324A (to allow simultaneous elections in panchayats & municipal bodies) & Article 325 (to empower the Election Commission of India for creating a common electoral roll & voter IDs with the help of the state election commissions) passed by the Parliament.

Reactions
Union Parliamentary Affairs Minister Pralhad Joshi said that once the committee submits its report, it will be discussed in the public domain and Parliament. He said "There is nothing to be nervous about, as discussions will be held. We are the world's largest democracy and we are known as the mother of democracy. This is the evolution of democracy in the mother of democracy."

Chief Election Commissioner of India Rajiv Kumar said that the Commission is ready to conduct elections as per legal provisions.

Many opposition parties have vociferously opposed the plan, citing that this would be disadvantageous for the multiple regional parties of India & would also require nationwide abolition of the provision of moving the no-confidence motion. Many smaller regional opposition parties described the move as an attempt by Modi's Hindu right wing Bharatiya Janata Party to move towards a presidential form of government by eroding the current federal system of governance & to convert the country from a multi-party democracy into a one-party state. The opposition parties have also stated that this move will reduce accountability of the government to the public. The Indian National Congress quipped that Modi was preparing for a 'One Nation, No Election' scenario through this proposal.

Calling it a "total eyewash", committee's member Chowdhury said he cannot be part of the committee, as the "terms of reference" of the committee "have been prepared in a manner to guarantee its conclusions." Congress leader P. Chidambaram said that the government was accelerating the process with the appointment of a "puppet committee." He said that by combining national and state elections, the BJP hopes to win the Lok Saba poll with a two-third majority and win enough states in order to implement on ground sweeping changes to the Constitution. Former law minister Kapil Sibal said that "One Nation One Election will be the downfall of the Modi government". He said the Modi government is playing with fire and they will not simply singe their hands but destroy the government.

Future
In the 2024 general elections, the BJP led NDA was decreased from 353 to 293 seats in the Lok Sabha, with the BJP itself being reduced from 303 to 240 seats. The INDI alliance led by the Indian National Congress & consisting of regional parties like SP, AITC, DMK & RJD which are opposed to simultaneous polls, won 233 seats. Since amendments to the Constitution required for implementing simultaneous polls can be done only after securing at least ⅔ supermajority in both Houses of the Parliament (362 in Lok Sabha & 167 in Rajya Sabha), very little to no progress on this proposal is to be made for the upcoming future.