Orakzai District

Orakzai District (اورکزي ولسوالۍ, ) is a district in the Kohat Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Before 1973, it was part of FR Kohat. Up until 2018, it was an agency within the erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas. However, with the merger of the FATA with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, it attained the status of a district.

History
The Orakzai tribe derives its name, Wrak Zoy ("the lost son" ), in a literal sense, from a romantic legend, Sikandar Shah. This ancestral figure, a prince hailing from Iran, was subjected to exile. After a series of adventures, he married and ruled in the region of Tirah. The tribal area now forming Orakzai District was previously included in the Frontier Region of Kohat district. This status persisted until the 30th of November, 1973.

The Biland Khel or Boland Khel, a small pocket of about 6.5 square kilometers, is part of this district and is two kilometers off Thall, bordering North Waziristan and Kurram agencies. Responding to a long-standing demand of the Orakzais, the then President of Pakistan announced the creation of Orakzai Agency on 3rd of November, 1973 and was formally inaugurated on 1st of December, 1973. Before it was attained the status of an agency, this area was administered as a Frontier Region of the Kohat district by the Deputy Commissioner of Kohat.

The Orakzai District consists of two sub-divisions: Upper sub-division and Lower sub-division. The Upper sub-division comprises two Tehsils, Upper Tehsil and Ismailzai Tehsil, and the Lower sub-division also has two Tehsils, Lower Tehsil and Central Tehsil. The land of the Orakzai tribes is between 33° -33' to 33° -54' north latitudes and 70° -36' to 71° -22' east longitudes. It is bounded in the north by Khyber District, in the east by FR Kohat, in the south by Kohat and Hangu districts, and in the west by Kurram District. The total area of the district is 1,538 square kilometers.

Certain Orakzai tribes like the Masozai and half the Lashkarzai find themselves in Kurram Agency for historical and administrative reasons. An ethnic Pashtun Bangash tribe, the Buland Khel or Beland Khil, is attached to the Orakzai agency also for administrative and historical reasons, although they live some distance from the agency between Thall and Bannu, North Waziristan.

Then Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto announced the creation of the agency at a grand tribal jirga at Samana, and it began functioning on 1 December 1973. Before this, the Orakzai tribes were part of the Kohat and Hangu Frontier region. The headquarters of the agency are at Hangu District, but tehsil-level headquarters are in Kalaya and Ghiljo Bazar.

Geography
The valley is flanked by mountain ranges 6,000 to 7000 ft high. Among the seven tribal agencies, Orakzai Agency is the second smallest in area after Bajaur Agency. It is bounded by Kurram Agency in the west, Khyber in the north, Kohat District on the south and Peshawar in the east. The whole of the territory of Orakzai agency is a mountainous tract dissected by numerous dry water courses, especially in the southwest part of the agency. The two major streams are the Mastura River and Khanki Toi River, both of which originate from the hills to west and run eastwards.

Orakzai Agency is a hilly region with a fertile valley. The elevation of the hills varies from over 10000 ft in the west and to less than 6650 ft in east. Generally, the elevation of the plain varies from 5,200 to 5500 ft above sea level. Important peaks are Sangla (6325 ft) and Chara Kandaco (5643 ft). The height of Kalaya and Sangla is nearly equal.

Orakzai Agency is characterized by intensely cold winters and mild summers. December, January and February are the coldest months and snow falls in these months. Summers are mild and the maximum temperature does not go above 30 degrees Celsius. Surrounding mountains are covered by dense thick forests, which produce a cooling effect in summer. Due to the geographical position of Orakzai and its thick forest cover, it rains throughout the year. In winter, the precipitation is snowfall over the surrounding mountains and the valley. There is no rain gauge, but rainfall is estimated to be around 36 in per year.

Demographics
At the time of the 2017 census the district had 31,177 households and a population of 254,303. Orakzai had a sex ratio of 993 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 37.43% - 60.63% for males and 15.02% for females. The entire population was rural. 36.45% of the population was under 10 years of age. 176 (0.07%) people in the district were from religious minorities. Pashto was the predominant language, spoken by 99.59% of the population.

Tourism
Nanawar cave is located in Mani Khel Dara Orakzai Tribal District. It is approx 200 Meters long cave with 2 entrances and is home to thousands of bats & spiders. The cave traces its history back thousands of years with varying opinions and myths: -

•Thousands of years back, lava erupted here and it seems like a bubble trapped in lava which made this cave.

•Second opinion is that it is a limestone cave which ended up on water channel beneath the surface in summer water.

•Other opinion of the historian is that the graves on the ground in the general area are not Muslim graves, and it is believed that this cave was used for meditation in Kanishka times 127 CE.

•The myth that its farther end is unexplored, seems false. It has a farther end with a graduated narrowing/ suffocating effects due to low oxygen.

History of Nanawar Cave compiled by Zakir Ullah Khan.

Administration
Orakzai District is currently subdivided into four Tehsils.


 * Central Orakzai Tehsil
 * Ismail Zai Tehsil
 * Lower Orakzai Tehsil
 * Upper Orakzai Tehsil

Upper Orakzai
Upper Orakzai is a National Assembly constituency in the Orakzai District.

Some of main areas of Upper Orakzai include: Upper Orakzai is the Sub-Division of Orakzai District. The main office are in Ghiljo Bazar. Upper Orakzai includes four big sections: Ali khel Mola Khel Mamozai Ali Sherzai Eisa khel Ahkhel Shikhan
 * Ghiljo Bazar
 * Sama Bazar
 * Ghotak Eisa khel
 * Mishti mela
 * Mishti mela

Lower Orakzai
Lower Orakzai agency is subdivision. Headquarter is in kalaya town named Kalaya Headquarter, a populated area of Orakzai agency. The main sections are Sepoy, Bar Muhammad khel, Mani khel ,  Feroz khel,utman khel, Bezoti and Stori Khel

Education
According to Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017 published by Alif Ailaan, Orakzai District ranks 125th in Pakistan in terms of primary school infrastructure while it ranks 132nd in Pakistan for middle school infrastructure.

In terms of education score, Orakzai District stands at 103rd number in National Ranking. The retention score is 30.03 whereas the gender parity score is 63.14 from the available data.

Lack of government schools and provision of teachers are among the main issues reported by the residents of Orakzai District using the [https://web.archive.org/web/20180803074507/https://elections.alifailaan.pk/taleemdo-app/ Taleem Do! App].

Culture
Culture of the area is dominantly Pashtun, with people adhering strongly to the Pashtun code of conduct also known as "Pakhto or Pashtunwali". Religion is evident in their lifestyle. People are very much social and maintain Hujra culture. Hujra is a community centre, guest house, meeting place, court and shelter. People adhere strongly to the jirga system for peace and justice where saying of the respectable elders is observed.

Talibanization and Army offensive
Talibanization of the area started back in 2006 when sectarian violence was at a peak. In the beginning, the Taliban were welcome because no one knew their real intentions, they intermingled with the locals in the start and when they were in sufficient numbers, they started to dictate to the people. The local people found themselves helpless and were forced to obey Taliban dictates. In Kalaya village in August 2013, the Taliban attacked and kidnapped 230 Orakzai people. Elderly Orakzai, young men, women and children were arrested. Taliban tortured many and martyred 80 innocent people. After one week the remaining people founded the Pakistan army's operation against the Talibs. Many people were injured. The Taliban entirely destroyed Kalaya village and Orakzai's business. People migrated to different places and different countries to save their lives. After a humiliating defeat in Waziristan, the Taliban fled to Orakzai Agency. Very soon the area saw intense violence and the Army commenced an unannounced offensive (Orakzai and Kurram offensive). The army cut the Taliban in the west from the Kurram Agency, in the south from Kohat and in the east from Bara and began an attack. Locals supported the army and soon the Taliban were forced to flee and evacuate the lower subdivision. Heavy casualties were also inflicted upon them in the upper subdivision, and their influence in the area was greatly reduced. This resulted in the mass evacuation of the IDPs towards Kohat and Hangu where they were given shelter in camps. The situation has defused greatly in Lower Orakzai division, but an army operation against Taliban militants continues in Central and Upper sub-divisions.

Introduction
Sepoya Lower Orakzai is a region known for its rich history and cultural heritage. Located in the Orakzai District, it has been a significant area for agricultural development and community life.

Geographical and Cultural Background
Sepoya Lower Orakzai is situated in the Orakzai District, part of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. The region is characterized by its rugged terrain, fertile lands, and a community deeply rooted in traditional customs and practices.

Early History
The early history of Sepoya Lower Orakzai is marked by the settlement of various tribes and the establishment of agricultural practices. The region's fertile lands made it an ideal location for farming and animal husbandry.

Tribes of Sepoya Lower Orakzai
The main tribe in Sepoya Lower Orakzai is the Zanzeer Khel, which consists of several notable families and sub-tribes.

Zanzeer Khel
The Zanzeer Khel is the predominant tribe in Sepoya Lower Orakzai. Known for their bravery and resilience, the Zanzeer Khel have played a vital role in the region's history.

Keyani Khan Royal Family of Sepoya Lower Orakzai
The Keyani Khan Royal family is a prominent part of the Zanzeer Khel tribe, known for their leadership and contributions to the region.

Gul Hasan Nawasi
The Gul Hasan Nawasi sub-tribe has made significant contributions to the development of the region through various means, including agriculture and local governance.

Baba Nawasi
The Baba Nawasi are known as Hamsaya and include several sub-tribes such as Lakhri Khel, Sultan Khel, Usai, Umbra Khel, Haroon Khel, Nayan, and Kareegran. They are spread across various villages including Zerha, Kharkhushta, Lal Pura, Toi Mela, Naka Mila, and Uti Village.

Zerha and Kharkhushta
- Mostly inhabited by Lakhri Khel and Sultan Khel.

Lal Pura
- Home to the Bukhari Syadan.

Toi Mela
- Inhabited by Haroon Khel and Umbra Khel.

Naka Mila and Uti Village
- Mainly inhabited by Lakhri Khel.

Mita Khan Khel
- Includes Usai sub-tribe with the village named Usai near Kamil Shah Peer Zyarat.

Plaoosi
- Inhabited by Zanzeer Khel, Gul Hasan Nawasi, and some of Sheikh Nawasi (Ram Datta’s grandsons).

Bazar Gari
- Inhabited by Baba Nawasi Hamsaya.

WaZir Gari
- Inhabited by Sheikh Nawasi.

Megakoo Gari
- Also inhabited by Sheikh Nawasi.

Khurha
- Divided between Baba Nawasi and Sheikh Nawasi.

Adam Khelo Garhee
- Inhabited by Sheikh Nawasi.

Ram Datta
In the late 19th century, Ram Datta, a dedicated and skilled farmer, became a prominent figure in Sepoya Lower Orakzai. Born into a Hindu family, Ram Datta played a crucial role in the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in the region. His contributions to the local community were immense, as he shared his knowledge and skills with others.

Ram Datta's dedication and hard work earned him the respect and admiration of the local people. He eventually converted to Islam and was given the name Sheikh. Ram Datta, now known as Sheikh, continued to live in Sepoya Lower Orakzai with his wife Sita. They had three sons, whose names are not recorded in history. The descendants of Sheikh Ram Datta are known as "Sheikhi Nawasi."

Major Events and Milestones
Throughout its history, Sepoya Lower Orakzai has witnessed various significant events and milestones that have shaped the region. These include: - The establishment of agricultural practices. - The conversion of Ram Datta to Islam. - The continued development and growth of the community.

Modern Era
In the modern era, Sepoya Lower Orakzai has continued to thrive as a hub of agricultural activity. The descendants of Ram Datta, known as Sheikhi Nawasi, have maintained their legacy of hard work and dedication to the land.

Legacy and Impact
The history of Sepoya Lower Orakzai is a testament to the resilience and determination of its people. The contributions of figures like Ram Datta have left a lasting impact on the region, fostering a sense of community and shared heritage.