Osmanthus

Osmanthus  is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae. Most of the species are native to eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, the Himalayas, etc.) with a few species from the Caucasus, New Caledonia, and Sumatra. Osmanthus has been known in China since ancient times with the earliest writings coming from the Warring States period; the book ''Sea and Mountain. South Mountain'' states: "Zhaoyao Mountain had a lot of Osmanthus".

Description
Osmanthus range in size from shrubs to medium-sized trees, 2 - 12 m tall. The leaves are opposite, evergreen, and simple, with an entire, serrated or coarsely toothed margin. The flowers are produced in spring, summer or autumn, each flower being about 1 cm long, white, with a four-lobed tubular-based corolla ('petals'). The flowers grow in small panicles, and in several species have a strong fragrance. The fruit is a small (10–15 mm), hard-skinned dark blue to purple drupe containing a single seed.

Etymology
The generic name Osmanthus is composed of two parts: the Greek words osma meaning smell or fragrance, and anthos meaning flower.

Species
Species accepted:
 * 1) Osmanthus armatus Diels – Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan
 * 2) Osmanthus attenuatus P.S.Green – Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan
 * 3) Osmanthus austrocaledonicus (Vieill.) Knobl. – New Caledonia
 * 4) Osmanthus cooperi Hemsl. – Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
 * 5) Osmanthus cymosus (Guillaumin) P.S.Green – New Caledonia
 * 6) Osmanthus decorus (Boiss. & Balansa) Kasapligil – Caucasian osmanthus – Turkey, Caucasus
 * 7) Osmanthus delavayi Franch. – Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
 * 8) Osmanthus didymopetalus P.S.Green – Guangdong, Hainan
 * 9) Osmanthus enervius Masam. & T.Mori – Taiwan, Nansei Islands
 * 10) Osmanthus fordii Hemsl. – Guangdong, Guangxi
 * 11) Osmanthus fragrans Lour. – Sweet osmanthus, sweet olive, fragrant tea olive – Himalayas (northern and eastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Assam), Indochina (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam), Japan, China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Sichuan), Taiwan
 * 12) Osmanthus gracilinervis L.C.Chia ex R.L.Lu – Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
 * 13) Osmanthus hainanensis P.S.Green – Hainan
 * 14) Osmanthus henryi P.S.Green – Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan
 * 15) Osmanthus heterophyllus (G.Don) P.S.Green – Holly osmanthus, holly olive, false holly, mock holly, hiiragi – Japan, Taiwan, Nansei Islands
 * 16) Osmanthus insularis Koidz. – Korea, Japan, Nansei Islands, Ogasawara Islands,
 * 17) Osmanthus iriomotensis T.Yamaz – Nansei Islands
 * 18) Osmanthus kaoi (T.S.Liu & J.C.Liao) S.Y.Lu – Taiwan
 * 19) Osmanthus lanceolatus Hayata – Taiwan
 * 20) Osmanthus monticola (Schltr.) Knobl. – New Caledonia
 * 21) Osmanthus pubipedicellatus L.C.Chia ex H.T.Chang – Guangdong
 * 22) Osmanthus reticulatus P.S.Green – Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan
 * 23) Osmanthus rigidus Nakai – Kyushu
 * 24) Osmanthus serrulatus Rehder in C.S.Sargent – Sichuan
 * 25) Osmanthus suavis King ex C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker – Assam, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, Myanmar, Yunnan, Tibet
 * 26) Osmanthus urceolatus P.S.Green - Sichuan, Hubei
 * 27) Osmanthus venosus Pamp. – Hubei
 * 28) Osmanthus yunnanensis (Franch.) P.S.Green – Yunnan, Tibet

Species transferred to Cartrema:
 * 1) Osmanthus americanus (L.) A.Gray – Devilwood – southeastern US from Texas to Virginia; eastern and southern Mexico
 * 2) Osmanthus floridanus Chapman - Florida
 * 3) Osmanthus marginatus (Champ. ex Benth.) Hemsl. – Nansei Islands, Taiwan, Vietnam, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang
 * 4) Osmanthus matsumuranus Hayata – Assam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang
 * 5) Osmanthus minor P.S.Green – Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
 * 6) Osmanthus scortechinii King & Gamble – Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia
 * 7) Osmanthus sumatranus P.S.Green – Sumatra


 * Garden hybrids
 * Osmanthus × burkwoodii (Burkwood & Skipwith) P.S.Green (O. delavayi × O. decorus)
 * Osmanthus × fortunei Carrière (O. fragrans × O. heterophyllus)

Cultivation
Osmanthus are popular shrubs in parks and gardens throughout the warm temperate zone. Several hybrids and cultivars have been developed. Osmanthus flower on old wood and produce more flowers if unpruned. A pruned shrub often produces few or no flowers for one to five or more years, before the new growth matures sufficiently to start flowering.

In Japan, Osmanthus fragrans Lour. var. aurantiacus Makino (fragrant orange-colored olive) (kin-mokusei) is a favorite garden shrub. Its small deep golden flowers appear in short-stalked clusters in late autumn. It has an intense sweet fragrance. A variant with white flowers (gin-mokusei) is also popular.

Uses
The flowers of O. fragrans are used throughout East Asia for their scent and flavour, which is likened to apricot and peach.

In China, osmanthus tea combines sweet osmanthus flowers with black or green tea leaves. In Liuzhou, it is used to flavor a locally brewed beer. Sweet osmanthus and osmanthus tea are particularly associated with the city of Guilin whose name translates to "Forest of Sweet Osmanthus".

Chinese osmanthus dishes also include a steamed bread made from blended rice and wheat flour and chestnuts boiled with dried osmanthus flowers.

Osmanthus wine is prepared by infusing whole Osmanthus fragrans flowers in huangjiu or other types of rice wine and is traditionally consumed during the Mid-Autumn Festival.

PepsiCo makes osmanthus flavored Pepsi for the Chinese domestic market.