Outline of finance

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to finance:

Finance – addresses the ways in which individuals and organizations raise and allocate monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects.

Overview
The term finance may incorporate any of the following:
 * The study of money and other assets
 * The management and control of those assets
 * Profiling and managing related risks

Fundamental financial concepts

 * Finance
 * Arbitrage
 * Capital (economics)
 * Capital asset pricing model
 * Cash flow
 * Cash flow matching
 * Debt
 * Default
 * Consumer debt
 * Debt consolidation
 * Debt settlement
 * Credit counseling
 * Bankruptcy
 * Debt diet
 * Debt-snowball method


 * Debt of developing countries
 * Asset types
 * Real estate
 * Securities
 * Commodities
 * Futures
 * Cash
 * Discounted cash flow
 * Financial capital
 * Funding
 * Entrepreneur
 * Entrepreneurship
 * Fixed income analysis
 * Gap financing
 * Global financial system
 * Hedge
 * Basis risk
 * Interest rate
 * Risk-free interest rate
 * Term structure of interest rates
 * Short-rate model
 * Vasicek model
 * Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model
 * Hull–White model
 * Chen model
 * Black–Derman–Toy model
 * Interest
 * Effective interest rate
 * Nominal interest rate
 * Interest rate basis
 * Fisher equation
 * Crowding out
 * Annual percentage rate
 * Interest coverage ratio
 * Investment
 * Foreign direct investment
 * Gold as an investment
 * Over-investing
 * Leverage
 * Long (finance)
 * Liquidity
 * Margin (finance)
 * Mark to market
 * Market impact
 * Medium of exchange
 * Microcredit
 * Money
 * Money creation
 * Currency
 * Coin
 * Banknote
 * Counterfeit
 * History of money
 * Monetary reform
 * Portfolio
 * Modern portfolio theory
 * Mutual fund separation theorem
 * Post-modern portfolio theory
 * Reference rate
 * Reset
 * Return
 * Absolute return
 * Investment performance
 * Relative return
 * Risk
 * Financial risk
 * Risk management
 * Financial risk management
 * Uncompensated risk
 * Risk measure
 * Coherent risk measure
 * Deviation risk measure
 * Distortion risk measure
 * Spectral risk measure
 * Value at risk
 * Expected shortfall
 * Entropic value at risk
 * Scenario analysis
 * Short (finance)
 * Speculation
 * Day trading
 * Position trader
 * Spread trade
 * Standard of deferred payment
 * Store of value
 * Time horizon
 * Time value of money
 * Discounting
 * Present value
 * Future value
 * Net present value
 * Internal rate of return
 * Modified internal rate of return
 * Annuity
 * Perpetuity
 * Trade
 * Free trade
 * Free market
 * Fair trade
 * Unit of account
 * Volatility
 * Yield
 * Yield curve

History

 * History of finance
 * History of banking
 * History of insurance
 * Tulip mania (Dutch Republic), 1620s/1630s
 * South Sea Bubble (UK) & Mississippi Company (France), 1710s; see also Stock market bubble
 * Vix pervenit 1745, on usury and other dishonest profit
 * Panic of 1837 (US)
 * Railway Mania (UK), 1840s
 * Erie War (US), 1860s
 * Long Depression, 1873–1896 (mainly US and Europe, though other parts of the world were affected)
 * Post-World War I hyperinflation; see Hyperinflation and Inflation in the Weimar Republic
 * Wall Street Crash of 1929
 * Great Depression 1930s
 * Bretton Woods Accord 1944
 * 1973 oil crisis
 * 1979 energy crisis
 * Savings and Loan Crisis 1980s
 * Black Monday 1987
 * Asian financial crisis 1990s
 * Dot-com bubble 1995-2001
 * Stock market downturn of 2002
 * United States housing bubble
 * Financial crisis of 2007–08, followed by the Great Recession

Accounting (financial record keeping)

 * Auditing
 * Accounting software
 * Book keeping
 * FASB
 * Financial accountancy
 * Financial statements
 * Balance sheet
 * Cash flow statement
 * Income statement
 * Management accounting
 * Philosophy of Accounting
 * Hedge accounting
 * IFRS 9
 * Fair value accounting

Banking

 * See articles listed under:

Corporate finance

 * Balance sheet analysis
 * Financial ratio
 * Business plan
 * Investment policy
 * Business valuation
 * Stock valuation
 * Fundamental analysis
 * Real options
 * Valuation topics
 * Fisher separation theorem
 * Sources of financing
 * Securities
 * Debt
 * Initial public offering
 * Capital structure
 * Cost of capital
 * Weighted average cost of capital
 * Modigliani–Miller theorem
 * Hamada's equation
 * Dividend policy
 * Dividend
 * Dividend tax
 * Dividend yield
 * Modigliani–Miller theorem
 * Corporate action
 * (Strategic) Financial management
 * Capital management
 * Capital budgeting
 * Working capital
 * Current assets
 * Current liabilities
 * Managerial finance
 * Management accounting
 * Mergers and acquisitions
 * Leveraged buyout
 * Takeover
 * Corporate raid
 * Contingent value rights
 * Real options
 * Return on investment
 * Return on capital
 * Return on assets
 * Return on equity
 * Loan covenant
 * Cash conversion cycle
 * Cash management
 * Inventory optimization
 * Supply chain management
 * Just In Time (JIT)
 * Economic order quantity (EOQ)
 * Economic production quantity (EPQ)
 * Economic batch quantity
 * Credit (finance)
 * Credit scoring
 * Default risk
 * Discounts and allowances
 * Factoring (trade) & Supply chain finance
 * Corporate budget
 * Corporate budget

Investment management

 * Active management
 * Efficient market hypothesis
 * Portfolio
 * Modern portfolio theory
 * Capital asset pricing model
 * Arbitrage pricing theory
 * Passive management
 * Index fund
 * Activist shareholder
 * Mutual fund
 * Open-end fund
 * Closed-end fund
 * List of mutual-fund families
 * Financial engineering
 * Long-Term Capital Management
 * Hedge fund
 * Hedge
 * , below

Personal finance

 * 529 plan (US college savings)
 * ABLE account (US plan for benefit of individuals with disabilities)
 * Asset allocation
 * Asset location
 * Budget
 * Coverdell Education Savings Account (Coverdell ESAs, formerly known as Education IRAs)
 * Credit and debt
 * Credit card
 * Debt consolidation
 * Mortgage loan
 * Continuous-repayment mortgage
 * Debit card
 * Direct deposit
 * Employment contract
 * Commission
 * Employee stock option
 * Employee or fringe benefit
 * Health insurance
 * Paycheck
 * Salary
 * Wage
 * Financial literacy
 * Insurance
 * Predatory lending
 * Retirement plan
 * Australia – Superannuation in Australia
 * Canada
 * Registered retirement savings plan
 * Tax-free savings account
 * Japan – Nippon individual savings account
 * New Zealand – KiwiSaver
 * United Kingdom
 * Individual savings account
 * Self-invested personal pension
 * United States
 * 401(a)
 * 401(k)
 * 403(b)
 * 457 plan
 * Keogh plan
 * Individual retirement account
 * Roth IRA
 * Traditional IRA
 * SEP IRA
 * SIMPLE IRA
 * Pension
 * Simple living
 * Social security
 * Tax advantage
 * Wealth
 * Comparison of accounting software
 * Personal financial management
 * Investment club
 * Collective investment scheme

Public finance

 * Central bank
 * Federal Reserve
 * Fractional-reserve banking
 * Deposit creation multiplier
 * Tax
 * Capital gains tax
 * Estate tax (and inheritance tax)
 * Gift tax
 * Income tax
 * Inheritance tax
 * Payroll tax
 * Property tax (including land value tax)
 * Sales tax (including value added tax, excise tax, and use tax)
 * Transfer tax (including stamp duty)
 * Tax advantage
 * Tax, tariff and trade
 * Tax amortization benefit
 * Crowding out
 * Industrial policy
 * Agricultural policy
 * Currency union
 * Monetary reform

Risk management

 * Asset and liability management
 * Asset liability mismatch
 * Capital Requirements Regulation 2013 & Credit Institutions Directive 2013 (Capital Requirements Directives)
 * Cash flow hedge
 * Cash management
 * Corporate governance
 * Climate-related asset stranding
 * Credit risk
 * Default (finance)
 * Downside risk & Upside risk
 * Duration gap
 * Enterprise risk management
 * Financial engineering
 * Financial risk
 * Financial risk management
 * Foreign exchange hedge
 * Fuel price risk management
 * Gordon–Loeb model for cyber security investments
 * Interest rate risk
 * Insurance
 * Investment risk
 * Irrational exuberance
 * Kelly criterion
 * Liquidity risk
 * Market risk
 * Operational risk
 * Risk accounting
 * Risk adjusted return on capital
 * Risk aversion
 * Risk-based internal audit
 * Risk measure
 * Coherent risk measure
 * Deviation risk measure
 * Distortion risk measure
 * Spectral risk measure
 * Risk modeling
 * Risk of ruin
 * Risk pool
 * Risk register
 * Risk return ratio
 * Risk–return spectrum
 * Security management
 * Settlement risk
 * Shadow banking system
 * Specific risk
 * St. Petersburg paradox
 * Systematic risk
 * Three lines of defence
 * Treasury management
 * Uncompensated risk
 * Valuation risk
 * Value at risk
 * Computation
 * Historical
 * Monte Carlo
 * variance-covariance
 * delta-gamma
 * Alternate measures
 * Entropic value at risk
 * Conditional value-at-risk / Expected shortfall
 * Tail value at risk
 * Extensions
 * Profit at risk
 * Margin at risk
 * Liquidity at risk
 * Earnings at risk
 * Cash flow at risk
 * Liquidity-adjusted VaR
 * Volatility risk
 * Volume risk
 * Wrong way risk

Constraint finance

 * Environmental finance
 * Feminist economics
 * Green economics
 * Islamic economics
 * Uneconomic growth
 * Value of Earth
 * Value of life

Insurance

 * Actuarial science
 * Annuities
 * Catastrophe modeling
 * Earthquake loss
 * Extended coverage
 * Insurable interest
 * Insurable risk
 * Insurance
 * Health insurance
 * Disability insurance
 * Accident insurance
 * Flexible spending account
 * Health savings account
 * Long term care insurance
 * Medical savings account
 * Life insurance
 * Life insurance tax shelter
 * Permanent life insurance
 * Term life insurance
 * Universal life insurance
 * Variable universal life insurance
 * Whole life insurance
 * Property insurance
 * Auto insurance
 * Boiler insurance
 * Business interruption insurance
 * Condo insurance
 * Earthquake insurance
 * Home insurance
 * Title insurance
 * Pet insurance
 * Renters' insurance
 * Casualty insurance
 * Fidelity bond
 * Liability insurance
 * Political risk insurance
 * Surety bond
 * Terrorism insurance
 * Credit insurance
 * Trade credit insurance
 * Payment protection insurance
 * Credit derivative
 * Mid-term adjustment
 * Reinsurance
 * Self insurance
 * Travel insurance
 * Niche insurance
 * Insurance contract
 * Loss payee clause
 * Risk Retention Group

Finance-related areas of economics

 * Financial economics
 * Financial econometrics
 * Monetary economics
 * Mathematical economics
 * Managerial economics
 * Economic growth theory
 * Decision theory
 * Game theory
 * Experimental economics / Experimental finance
 * Behavioral economics / Behavioral finance

Corporate finance theory

 * Fisher separation theorem
 * Modigliani–Miller theorem
 * Theory of the firm
 * The Theory of Investment Value
 * Agency theory
 * Managerial finance
 * Capital structure
 * Capital structure substitution theory
 * Pecking order theory
 * Market timing hypothesis
 * Trade-off theory of capital structure
 * Merton model
 * Tax shield
 * Dividend policy
 * Walter model
 * Gordon model
 * Lintner model
 * Residuals theory
 * Signaling hypothesis
 * Clientele effect
 * Dividend puzzle
 * Dividend tax
 * Capital budgeting (valuation)
 * Clean surplus accounting
 * Residual income valuation
 * Economic value added / Market value added
 * T-model
 * Adjusted present value
 * Uncertainty
 * Penalized present value
 * Expected commercial value
 * Risk-adjusted net present value
 * Contingent claim valuation
 * Real options
 * Monte Carlo methods
 * Risk management
 * Hedging irrelevance proposition
 * Risk modeling
 * Risk-adjusted return on capital
 * Risk management
 * Hedging irrelevance proposition
 * Risk modeling
 * Risk-adjusted return on capital
 * Risk modeling
 * Risk-adjusted return on capital

Asset pricing theory

 * Value (economics)
 * Fair value
 * Intrinsic value
 * Market price
 * Expected value
 * Opportunity cost
 * Risk premium
 * below
 * Financial markets
 * Stylized fact
 * Regulatory economics
 * Market microstructure
 * Walrasian auction
 * Fisher market
 * Arrow-Debreu market
 * Matching market
 * Market design
 * Agent-based model
 * Representative agent
 * Aggregation problem
 * Heterogeneity in economics
 * Heterogeneous agent model
 * Artificial financial market
 * General equilibrium theory
 * Supply and demand
 * Competitive equilibrium
 * Economic equilibrium
 * Partial equilibrium
 * Equilibrium price
 * Market efficiency
 * Economic equilibrium
 * Rational expectations
 * Risk factor (finance)
 * Arbitrage-free price
 * Rational pricing
 * § Arbitrage free pricing
 * § Risk neutral valuation
 * Contingent claim analysis
 * Brownian model of financial markets
 * Complete market & Incomplete markets
 * Utility
 * Risk aversion
 * Expected utility hypothesis
 * Utility maximization problem
 * Marginal utility
 * Quasilinear utility
 * Generalized expected utility
 * Economic efficiency
 * Efficient-market hypothesis
 * efficient frontier
 * Production–possibility frontier
 * Allocative efficiency
 * Pareto efficiency
 * Productive efficiency
 * Dumb agent theory
 * State prices
 * Arrow–Debreu model
 * Stochastic discount factor
 * Pricing kernel
 * Application:
 * Fundamental theorem of asset pricing
 * Rational pricing
 * Arbitrage-free
 * No free lunch with vanishing risk
 * Self-financing portfolio
 * Stochastic dominance
 * Marginal conditional stochastic dominance
 * Martingale pricing
 * Brownian model of financial markets
 * Random walk hypothesis
 * Risk-neutral measure
 * Martingale (probability theory)
 * Sigma-martingale
 * Semimartingale
 * Quantum finance
 * Martingale (probability theory)
 * Sigma-martingale
 * Semimartingale
 * Quantum finance

Asset pricing models

 * Equilibrium pricing
 * Equities; foreign exchange and commodities
 * Capital asset pricing model
 * Consumption-based CAPM
 * Intertemporal CAPM
 * Single-index model
 * Multiple factor models
 * Fama–French three-factor model
 * Carhart four-factor model
 * Arbitrage pricing theory
 * Bonds; other interest rate instruments
 * Vasicek
 * Rendleman–Bartter
 * Cox–Ingersoll–Ross
 * Risk neutral pricing
 * Equities; foreign exchange and commodities; interest rates
 * Black–Scholes
 * Black
 * Garman–Kohlhagen
 * Heston
 * CEV
 * SABR
 * Bonds; other interest rate instruments
 * Ho–Lee
 * Hull–White
 * Black–Derman–Toy
 * Black–Karasinski
 * Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi
 * Longstaff–Schwartz
 * Chen
 * Rendleman–Bartter
 * Heath–Jarrow–Morton
 * Cheyette
 * Brace–Gatarek–Musiela
 * LIBOR market model

Time value of money

 * Present value
 * Future value
 * Discounting
 * Net present value
 * Internal rate of return
 * Annuity
 * Perpetuity

Mathematical tools

 * Probability
 * Probability distribution
 * Binomial distribution
 * Log-normal distribution
 * Poisson distribution
 * Stochastic calculus
 * Brownian motion
 * Geometric Brownian motion
 * Cameron–Martin theorem
 * Feynman–Kac formula
 * Girsanov's theorem
 * Itô's lemma
 * Martingale representation theorem
 * Radon–Nikodym derivative
 * Stochastic differential equations
 * Stochastic process
 * Jump process
 * Lévy process
 * Markov process
 * Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
 * Wiener process
 * Monte Carlo methods
 * Low-discrepancy sequence
 * Monte Carlo integration
 * Quasi-Monte Carlo method
 * Random number generation
 * Partial differential equations
 * Finite difference method
 * Heat equation
 * Numerical partial differential equations
 * Crank–Nicolson method
 * Finite difference method: Numerical analysis
 * Volatility
 * ARCH model
 * GARCH model
 * Stochastic volatility
 * Stochastic volatility jump

Derivatives pricing

 * Underlying logic (see also above)
 * Rational pricing
 * Risk-neutral measure
 * Arbitrage-free pricing
 * Brownian model of financial markets
 * Martingale pricing
 * Forward contract
 * Forward contract pricing
 * Futures
 * Futures contract pricing
 * Options (incl. Real options and ESOs)
 * Valuation of options
 * Black–Scholes formula
 * Approximations for American options
 * Barone-Adesi and Whaley
 * Bjerksund and Stensland
 * Black's approximation
 * Optimal stopping
 * Roll–Geske–Whaley
 * Black model
 * Binomial options model
 * Finite difference methods for option pricing
 * Garman–Kohlhagen model
 * The Greeks
 * Lattice model (finance)
 * Margrabe's formula
 * Monte Carlo methods for option pricing
 * Monte Carlo methods in finance
 * Quasi-Monte Carlo methods in finance
 * Least Square Monte Carlo for American options
 * Trinomial tree
 * Volatility
 * Implied volatility
 * Historical volatility
 * Volatility smile (& Volatility surface)
 * Stochastic volatility
 * Constant elasticity of variance model
 * Heston model
 * SABR volatility model
 * Local volatility
 * Implied binomial tree
 * Implied trinomial tree
 * Edgeworth binomial tree
 * Johnson binomial tree
 * Swaps
 * Swap valuation
 * Multi-curve framework
 * Interest rate derivatives (bond options, swaptions, caps and floors, and others)
 * Black model
 * caps and floors
 * swaptions
 * Bond options
 * Short-rate models (generally applied via lattice based- and specialized simulation-models, although "Black like" formulae exist in some cases.)
 * Rendleman–Bartter model
 * Vasicek model
 * Ho–Lee model
 * Hull–White model
 * Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model
 * Black–Karasinski model
 * Black–Derman–Toy model
 * Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi model
 * Longstaff–Schwartz model
 * Chen model
 * Forward rate / Forward curve -based models (Application as per short-rate models)
 * LIBOR market model (also called: Brace–Gatarek–Musiela Model, BGM)
 * Heath–Jarrow–Morton Model (HJM)
 * Cheyette model
 * Valuation adjustments
 * Credit valuation adjustment
 * XVA
 * Yield curve modelling
 * Multi-curve framework
 * Bootstrapping (finance)
 * Nelson-Siegel
 * XVA
 * Yield curve modelling
 * Multi-curve framework
 * Bootstrapping (finance)
 * Nelson-Siegel
 * Nelson-Siegel
 * Nelson-Siegel

Portfolio mathematics

 * below
 * below
 * Portfolio optimization
 * § Optimization methods
 * § Mathematical tools
 * Merton's portfolio problem
 * Kelly criterion
 * Roy's safety-first criterion
 * Specific applications:
 * Black–Litterman model
 * Universal portfolio algorithm
 * Markowitz model
 * Treynor–Black model
 * Treynor–Black model

Financial markets
Financial markets

Market and instruments

 * Capital markets
 * Securities
 * Financial markets
 * Primary market
 * Initial public offering
 * Aftermarket
 * Free market
 * Bull market
 * Bear market
 * Bear market rally
 * Market maker
 * Dow Jones Industrial Average
 * Nasdaq
 * List of stock exchanges
 * List of stock market indices
 * List of corporations by market capitalization
 * Value Line Composite Index

Equity market

 * Stock market
 * Stock
 * Common stock
 * Preferred stock
 * Treasury stock
 * Equity investment
 * Index investing
 * Private Equity
 * Financial reports and statements
 * Fundamental analysis
 * Dividend
 * Dividend yield
 * Stock split

Equity valuation

 * Dow theory
 * Elliott wave principle
 * Economic value added
 * Fibonacci retracement
 * Gordon model
 * Growth stock
 * PEG ratio
 * PVGO
 * Mergers and acquisitions
 * Leveraged buyout
 * Takeover
 * Corporate raid
 * PE ratio
 * Market capitalization
 * Income per share
 * Stock valuation
 * Technical analysis
 * Chart patterns
 * V-trend
 * Paper valuation

Investment theory

 * Behavioral finance
 * Dead cat bounce
 * Efficient market hypothesis
 * Market microstructure
 * Stock market crash
 * Stock market bubble
 * January effect
 * Mark Twain effect
 * Quantitative behavioral finance
 * Quantitative analysis (finance)
 * Statistical arbitrage

Bond market

 * Bond (finance)
 * Zero-coupon bond
 * Junk bonds
 * Convertible bond
 * Accrual bond
 * Municipal bond
 * Sovereign bond
 * Bond valuation
 * Yield to maturity
 * Bond duration
 * Bond convexity
 * Fixed income

Money market

 * Repurchase agreement
 * International Money Market
 * Currency
 * Exchange rate
 * International currency codes
 * Table of historical exchange rates

Commodity market

 * Commodity
 * Asset
 * Commodity Futures Trading Commission
 * Commodity trade
 * Drawdowns
 * Forfaiting
 * Fundamental analysis
 * Futures contract
 * Fungibility
 * Gold as an investment
 * Hedging
 * Jesse Lauriston Livermore
 * List of traded commodities
 * Ownership equity
 * Position trader
 * Risk (Futures)
 * Seasonal traders
 * Seasonal spread trading
 * Slippage
 * Speculation
 * Spread trade
 * Technical analysis
 * Breakout
 * Bear market
 * Bottom (technical analysis)
 * Bull market
 * MACD
 * Moving average
 * Open Interest
 * Parabolic SAR
 * Point and figure charts
 * Resistance
 * RSI
 * Stochastic oscillator
 * Stop loss
 * Support
 * Top (technical analysis)
 * Trade
 * Trend

Derivatives market

 * Derivative (finance)
 * (see also Financial mathematics topics; Derivatives pricing)
 * Underlying instrument

Forward markets and contracts

 * Forward contract

Futures markets and contracts

 * Backwardation
 * Contango
 * Futures contract
 * Financial future
 * Currency future
 * Interest rate future
 * Single-stock futures
 * Stock market index future
 * Futures exchange

Option markets and contracts

 * Options
 * Stock option
 * Box spread
 * Call option
 * Put option
 * Strike price
 * Put–call parity
 * The Greeks
 * Black–Scholes formula
 * Black model
 * Binomial options model
 * Implied volatility
 * Option time value
 * Moneyness
 * At-the-money
 * In-the-money
 * Out-of-the-money
 * Straddle
 * Option style
 * Vanilla option
 * Exotic option
 * Binary option
 * European option
 * Interest rate floor
 * Interest rate cap
 * Bermudan option
 * American option
 * Quanto option
 * Asian option
 * Employee stock option
 * Warrants
 * Foreign exchange option
 * Interest rate options
 * Bond options
 * Real options
 * Options on futures

Swap markets and contracts

 * Swap (finance)
 * Interest rate swap
 * Basis swap
 * Asset swap
 * Forex swap
 * Stock swap
 * Equity swap
 * Currency swap
 * Variance swap

Equity derivatives

 * Contract for difference (CFD)
 * Exchange-traded fund (ETF)
 * Closed-end fund
 * Inverse exchange-traded fund
 * Equity options
 * Equity swap
 * Real estate investment trust (REIT)
 * Warrants
 * Covered warrant

Interest rate derivatives

 * LIBOR
 * Forward rate agreement
 * Interest rate swap
 * Interest rate cap
 * Exotic interest rate option
 * Bond option
 * Interest rate future
 * Money market instruments
 * Range accrual Swaps/Notes/Bonds
 * In-arrears Swap
 * Constant maturity swap (CMS) or Constant Treasury Swap (CTS) derivatives (swaps, caps, floors)
 * Interest rate Swaption
 * Bermudan swaptions
 * Cross currency swaptions
 * Power Reverse Dual Currency note (PRDC or Turbo)
 * Target redemption note (TARN)
 * CMS steepener
 * Snowball
 * Inverse floater
 * Strips of Collateralized mortgage obligation
 * Interest only (IO)
 * Principal only (PO)
 * Ratchet caps and floors

Credit derivatives

 * Credit default swap
 * Collateralized debt obligation
 * Credit default option
 * Total return swap
 * Securitization
 * Strip financing

Foreign exchange derivative

 * Basis swap
 * Currency future
 * Currency swap
 * Foreign exchange binary option
 * Foreign exchange forward
 * Foreign exchange option
 * Forward exchange rate
 * Foreign exchange swap
 * Foreign exchange hedge
 * Non-deliverable forward
 * Power reverse dual-currency note

Financial regulation

 * Corporate governance
 * Financial regulation
 * Bank regulation
 * Banking license
 * License

Designations and accreditation

 * Certified Financial Planner
 * Chartered Financial Analyst
 * CFA Institute
 * Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst
 * Professional risk manager
 * Chartered Financial Consultant
 * Canadian Securities Institute
 * Independent financial adviser
 * Chartered Insurance Institute
 * Financial risk manager
 * Chartered Market Technician
 * Certified Financial Technician

Litigation

 * Liabilities Subject to Compromise

Fraud

 * Forex scam
 * Insider trading
 * Legal origins theory
 * Petition mill
 * Ponzi scheme

Industry bodies

 * International Swaps and Derivatives Association
 * National Association of Securities Dealers

International

 * Bank for International Settlements
 * International Organization of Securities Commissions
 * Security Commission
 * Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
 * Basel Accords – Basel I, Basel II, Basel III
 * International Association of Insurance Supervisors
 * International Accounting Standards Board

European Union

 * European Securities Committee (EU)
 * Committee of European Securities Regulators (EU)

United Kingdom

 * Financial Conduct Authority
 * Prudential Regulation Authority (United Kingdom)

United States

 * Commodity Futures Trading Commission
 * Federal Reserve
 * Federal Trade Commission
 * Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board
 * Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
 * Securities and Exchange Commission

United States legislation

 * Glass–Steagall Act (US)
 * Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (US)
 * Sarbanes–Oxley Act (US)
 * Securities Act of 1933 (US)
 * Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (US)
 * Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (US)
 * USA PATRIOT Act

Actuarial topics

 * Actuarial topics

Underlying theory

 * Value (economics)
 * Valuation (finance) and specifically § Valuation overview
 * "The Theory of Investment Value"
 * Valuation risk
 * Real versus nominal value (economics)
 * Real prices and ideal prices
 * Fair value
 * Fair value accounting
 * Intrinsic value
 * Market price
 * Value in use
 * Fairness opinion
 * Asset pricing (see also above)
 * Equilibrium price
 * market efficiency
 * economic equilibrium
 * rational expectations
 * Arbitrage-free price
 * Arbitrage-free price

Context

 * (Corporate) Bonds
 * Bond valuation
 * Equity valuation
 * above
 * Fundamental analysis
 * Stock valuation
 * Capital Markets
 * Business valuation
 * Capital budgeting and
 * The Theory of Investment Value
 * Real estate valuation
 * Real estate appraisal
 * Real estate economics
 * The Theory of Investment Value
 * Real estate valuation
 * Real estate appraisal
 * Real estate economics

Considerations

 * Bonds
 * covenants and indentures
 * secured / unsecured debt
 * senior / subordinated debt
 * embedded options
 * Equity
 * Minimum acceptable rate of return
 * Margin of safety (financial)
 * Enterprise value
 * Sum-of-the-parts analysis
 * Conglomerate discount
 * Minority discount
 * Control premium
 * Accretion/dilution analysis
 * Certainty equivalent
 * Haircut (finance)
 * Paper valuation

Discounted cash flow valuation

 * Bond valuation
 * Modeling
 * embedded options:
 * Pull to par
 * Results
 * Clean price
 * Dirty price
 * Yield to maturity
 * Coupon yield
 * Current yield
 * Duration
 * Convexity
 * embedded options:
 * Option-adjusted spread
 * effective duration
 * effective convexity
 * Cash flows
 * Principal (finance)
 * Coupon (bond)
 * Fixed rate bond
 * Floating rate note
 * Zero-coupon bond
 * Accrual bond
 * sinking fund provisions
 * Real estate valuation
 * Income approach
 * Net Operating Income
 * German income approach
 * Equity valuation
 * Results
 * Net present value
 * Adjusted present value
 * Equivalent Annual Cost
 * Payback period
 * Discounted payback period
 * Internal rate of return
 * Modified Internal Rate of Return
 * Return on investment
 * Profitability index
 * Specific models and approaches
 * Dividend discount model
 * Gordon growth model
 * Market value added / Economic value added
 * Residual income valuation
 * First Chicago Method
 * rNPV
 * Fed model
 * Sum of perpetuities method
 * Benjamin Graham formula
 * LBO valuation model
 * Goldman Sachs asset management factor model
 * Cash flows
 * Cash flow forecasting
 * EBIDTA
 * NOPAT
 * Free cash flow
 * Free cash flow to firm
 * Free cash flow to equity
 * Dividends
 * EBIDTA
 * NOPAT
 * Free cash flow
 * Free cash flow to firm
 * Free cash flow to equity
 * Dividends

Relative valuation

 * Bonds
 * Yield spread
 * I-spread
 * Option-adjusted spread
 * Z-spread
 * Asset swap spread
 * Credit spread (bond)
 * Bond credit rating
 * Altman Z-score
 * Ohlson O-score
 * Book value
 * Debt-to-equity ratio
 * Debt-to-capital ratio
 * Current ratio
 * Quick ratio
 * Debt ratio
 * Real estate
 * Capitalization rate
 * Gross rent multiplier
 * Sales comparison approach
 * Cash on cash return
 * Equity
 * Financial ratio
 * Market-based valuation
 * Valuation using multiples
 * Comparable company analysis
 * Dividend yield
 * Yield gap
 * Return on equity
 * DuPont analysis
 * PE ratio
 * PEG ratio
 * Cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings ratio
 * PVGO
 * P/B ratio
 * Price to cash based earnings
 * Price to Sales
 * EV/EBITDA
 * EV/Sales
 * Stock image
 * Valuation using the Market Penetration Model
 * Graham number
 * Tobin's q
 * Graham number
 * Tobin's q

Contingent claim valuation

 * Valuation techniques
 * general
 * Valuation of options
 * above
 * as typically employed
 * Real options valuation
 * Monte Carlo methods in finance
 * Applications
 * Corporate investments and projects
 * Real options
 * Contingent value rights
 * structured finance investments (funding dependent)
 * special purpose entities (funding dependent)
 * Balance sheet assets and liabilities
 * warrants and other convertible securities
 * securities with embedded options such as callable bonds
 * employee stock options
 * structured finance investments (funding dependent)
 * special purpose entities (funding dependent)
 * Balance sheet assets and liabilities
 * warrants and other convertible securities
 * securities with embedded options such as callable bonds
 * employee stock options

Other approaches

 * "Fundamentals"-based (relying on accounting information)
 * T-model
 * Residual income valuation
 * Clean surplus accounting
 * Net asset value method
 * Excess earnings method
 * Historical earnings valuation
 * Future maintainable earnings valuation
 * Graham number

Financial modeling

 * Cash flow
 * Cash flow forecasting
 * Cash flow statement
 * Operating cash flow
 * EBIDTA
 * NOPAT
 * Free cash flow
 * Free cash flow to firm
 * Free cash flow to equity
 * Dividends
 * Cash is king
 * Mid-year adjustment
 * Owner earnings
 * Required return (i.e. discount rate)
 * Cost of capital
 * Weighted average cost of capital
 * Cost of equity
 * Cost of debt
 * Capital asset pricing model
 * Hamada's equation
 * Pure play method
 * Arbitrage pricing theory
 * Total Beta
 * T-model
 * cash-flow T-model
 * Terminal value
 * Forecast period (finance)
 * long term growth rate
 * Forecasted financial statements
 * Financial forecast
 * Revenue
 * Revenue model
 * Net sales
 * Costs
 * Profit margin
 * Gross margin
 * Net margin
 * Cost of goods sold
 * Operating expenses
 * Operating ratio
 * Cost driver
 * Fixed cost
 * Variable cost
 * Overhead cost
 * Value chain
 * activity based costing
 * common-size analysis
 * Profit model
 * Capital
 * Capital structure
 * common-size analysis
 * Equity (finance)
 * Shareholders' equity
 * Book value
 * Retained earnings
 * Financial capital
 * Long term asset / Fixed asset
 * Fixed-asset turnover
 * Long-term liabilities
 * Debt-to-equity ratio
 * Debt-to-capital ratio
 * Working capital
 * Current asset
 * Current liability
 * Inventory turnover / Days in inventory
 * Cost of goods sold
 * Debtor & Creditor days
 * Days sales outstanding
 * Days payable outstanding
 * Long-term liabilities
 * Debt-to-equity ratio
 * Debt-to-capital ratio
 * Working capital
 * Current asset
 * Current liability
 * Inventory turnover / Days in inventory
 * Cost of goods sold
 * Debtor & Creditor days
 * Days sales outstanding
 * Days payable outstanding

General concepts

 * Portfolio (finance)
 * Portfolio manager
 * Investment management
 * Active management
 * Passive management (Buy and hold)
 * Index fund
 * Core & Satellite
 * Smart beta
 * Expense ratio
 * Investment style
 * Value investing
 * Contrarian investing
 * Growth investing
 * CAN SLIM
 * Index investing
 * Magic formula investing
 * Momentum investing
 * Quality investing
 * Style investing
 * Factor investing
 * Investment strategy
 * Benchmark-driven investment strategy
 * Liability-driven investment strategy
 * Investor profile
 * Rate of return on a portfolio / Investment performance
 * Risk return ratio
 * Risk–return spectrum
 * Risk factor (finance)
 * Portfolio optimization
 * Diversification (finance)
 * Asset classes
 * Exter's Pyramid
 * Asset allocation
 * Tactical asset allocation
 * Global tactical asset allocation
 * Strategic asset allocation
 * Dynamic asset allocation
 * Sector rotation
 * Correlation & covariance
 * Covariance matrix
 * Correlation matrix
 * Risk-free interest rate
 * Leverage (finance)
 * Utility function
 * Intertemporal portfolio choice
 * Portfolio insurance
 * Constant proportion portfolio insurance
 * Quantitative investment / Quantitative fund (see below)
 * Uncompensated risk
 * Quantitative investment / Quantitative fund (see below)
 * Uncompensated risk

Modern portfolio theory

 * Portfolio optimization
 * Risk return ratio
 * Risk–return spectrum
 * Economic efficiency
 * Efficient-market hypothesis
 * Random walk hypothesis
 * Utility maximization problem
 * Markowitz model
 * Merton's portfolio problem
 * Kelly criterion
 * Roy's safety-first criterion
 * Theory and results (derivation of the CAPM)
 * Equilibrium price
 * Market price
 * Systematic risk
 * Risk factor (finance)
 * Idiosyncratic risk / Specific risk
 * Mean-variance analysis (Two-moment decision model)
 * Efficient frontier (Mean variance efficiency)
 * Feasible set
 * Mutual fund separation theorem
 * Separation property (finance)
 * Tangent portfolio
 * Market portfolio
 * Beta (finance)
 * Fama–MacBeth regression
 * Hamada's equation
 * Capital allocation line
 * Capital market line
 * Security characteristic line
 * Capital asset pricing model
 * Single-index model
 * Security market line
 * Roll's critique
 * Related measures
 * Alpha (finance)
 * Sharpe ratio
 * Treynor ratio
 * Jensen's alpha
 * Optimization models
 * Markowitz model
 * Treynor–Black model
 * Treynor–Black model


 * Equilibrium pricing models (CAPM and extensions)
 * Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
 * Consumption-based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM)
 * Intertemporal CAPM (ICAPM)
 * Single-index model
 * Multiple factor models (see Risk factor (finance))
 * Fama–French three-factor model
 * Carhart four-factor model
 * Arbitrage pricing theory (APT)

Post-modern portfolio theory

 * Approaches
 * Behavioral portfolio theory
 * Stochastic portfolio theory
 * Chance-constrained portfolio selection
 * Maslowian portfolio theory
 * Dedicated portfolio theory (fixed income specific)
 * Risk parity
 * Tail risk parity
 * Optimization considerations
 * Pareto efficiency
 * Bayesian efficiency
 * Multiple-criteria decision analysis
 * Multi-objective optimization
 * Stochastic dominance
 * Second-order Stochastic dominance
 * Marginal conditional stochastic dominance
 * Downside risk
 * Volatility skewness
 * Semivariance
 * Expected shortfall (ES; also called conditional value at risk (CVaR), average value at risk (AVaR), expected tail loss (ETL))
 * Tail value at risk
 * Statistical dispersion
 * Discounted maximum loss
 * Indifference price
 * Measures
 * Dual-beta
 * Downside beta
 * Upside beta
 * Upside potential ratio
 * Upside risk
 * Downside risk
 * Sortino ratio
 * Omega ratio
 * Bias ratio
 * Information ratio
 * Active return
 * Active risk
 * Deviation risk measure
 * Distortion risk measure
 * Spectral risk measure
 * Optimization models
 * Black–Litterman model
 * Universal portfolio algorithm

Performance measurement

 * Alpha (finance)
 * Beta (finance)
 * Performance attribution
 * Market timing
 * Stock selection
 * Fixed-income attribution
 * Benchmark
 * Lipper average
 * Returns-based style analysis
 * Rate of return on a portfolio
 * Holding period return
 * Tracking error
 * Attribution analysis
 * Style drift
 * Returns-based style analysis
 * Simple Dietz method
 * Modified Dietz method
 * Modigliani risk-adjusted performance
 * Upside potential ratio
 * Maximum Downside Exposure
 * Maximum drawdown
 * Sterling ratio
 * Sharpe ratio
 * Treynor ratio
 * Jensen's alpha
 * Bias ratio
 * V2 ratio
 * Calmar ratio (hedge fund specific)

Mathematical techniques

 * Quadratic programming
 * Critical line method
 * Nonlinear programming
 * Mixed integer programming
 * Stochastic programming (§ Multistage portfolio optimization)
 * Copula (probability theory) (§ Quantitative finance)
 * Principal component analysis (§ Quantitative finance)
 * Deterministic global optimization
 * Extended Mathematical Programming (§ EMP for stochastic programming)
 * Genetic algorithm
 * Artificial intelligence:
 * Machine learning (§ Applications)
 * Artificial neural network (§ Finance)
 * Machine learning (§ Applications)
 * Artificial neural network (§ Finance)

Quantitative investing

 * Quantitative investing
 * Quantitative fund
 * Trading:
 * Automated trading
 * High-frequency trading
 * Algorithmic trading
 * Program trading
 * Systematic trading
 * Trading strategy
 * Mirror trading
 * Copy trading
 * Social trading
 * VWAP
 * TWAP
 * Electronic trading platform
 * Statistical arbitrage
 * Portfolio optimization:
 * Black–Litterman model
 * Universal portfolio algorithm
 * Markowitz model
 * Treynor–Black model
 * other models
 * Factor investing
 * low-volatility investing
 * value investing
 * momentum investing
 * Alpha generation platform
 * Kelly criterion
 * Roy's safety-first criterion
 * Risks:
 * Best execution
 * Implementation shortfall
 * Trading curb
 * Market impact
 * Market depth
 * Slippage (finance)
 * Transaction costs
 * Discussion:
 * 2010 flash crash
 * Leading companies (see ):
 * Prediction Company
 * Renaissance Technologies
 * D. E. Shaw & Co
 * AQR Capital
 * Barclays Investment Bank
 * Cantab Capital Partners
 * Robeco
 * Jane Street Capital
 * 2010 flash crash
 * Leading companies (see ):
 * Prediction Company
 * Renaissance Technologies
 * D. E. Shaw & Co
 * AQR Capital
 * Barclays Investment Bank
 * Cantab Capital Partners
 * Robeco
 * Jane Street Capital
 * Robeco
 * Jane Street Capital

Financial software tools

 * Straight Through Processing Software
 * Technical Analysis Software
 * Algorithmic trading
 * Electronic trading platform
 * List of numerical-analysis software
 * Comparison of numerical-analysis software

Corporate Finance

 * Business valuation / stock valuation - especially via discounted cash flow, but including other valuation approaches
 * Scenario planning and management decision making ("what is"; "what if"; "what has to be done" )
 * Capital budgeting, including cost of capital (i.e. WACC) calculations
 * Financial statement analysis / ratio analysis (including of operating- and finance leases, and R&D)
 * Revenue related: forecasting, analysis
 * Project finance modeling
 * Cash flow forecasting
 * Credit decisioning: Credit analysis, Consumer credit risk; impairment- and provision-modeling
 * Working capital- and treasury management; asset and liability management
 * Management accounting: Activity-based costing, Profitability analysis, Cost analysis, Whole-life cost

Quantitative finance

 * Option pricing and calculation of their "Greeks"
 * Other derivatives, especially interest rate derivatives, credit derivatives and exotic derivatives
 * Modeling the term structure of interest rates (bootstrapping / multi-curves, short-rate models, HJM framework) and credit spreads
 * Credit valuation adjustment, CVA, as well as the various XVA
 * Credit risk, counterparty credit risk, and regulatory capital: EAD, PD, LGD, PFE
 * Structured product design and manufacture
 * Portfolio optimization and Quantitative investing more generally; see further re optimization methods employed.
 * Financial risk modeling: value at risk (parametric- and / or historical, CVaR, EVT), stress testing, "sensitivities" analysis

Financial institutions
Financial institutions
 * Bank
 * List of banks
 * List of banks in the Arab World
 * List of banks in Africa
 * List of banks in the Americas
 * List of banks in Asia
 * List of banks in Europe
 * List of banks in Oceania
 * List of international banking institutions
 * Advising bank
 * Central bank
 * List of central banks
 * Commercial bank
 * Community development bank
 * Cooperative bank
 * Custodian bank
 * Depository bank
 * Ethical bank
 * Investment bank
 * Islamic banking
 * Merchant bank
 * Microcredit
 * Mutual savings bank
 * Offshore bank
 * Private bank
 * Savings bank
 * Swiss bank
 * Bank holding company
 * Building society
 * Broker
 * Broker-dealer
 * Brokerage firm
 * Commodity broker
 * Insurance broker
 * Prime brokerage
 * Retail broker
 * Stockbroker
 * Clearing house
 * Commercial lender
 * Community development financial institution
 * Credit rating agency
 * Credit union
 * Diversified financial
 * Edge Act Corporation
 * Export Credit Agencies
 * Financial adviser
 * Financial intermediary
 * Financial planner
 * Futures exchange
 * List of futures exchanges
 * Government sponsored enterprise
 * Hard money lender
 * Independent financial adviser
 * Industrial loan company
 * Insurance company
 * Investment adviser
 * Investment company
 * Investment trust
 * Large and Complex Financial Institutions
 * Mutual fund
 * Non-banking financial company
 * Savings and loan association
 * Stock exchange
 * List of stock exchanges
 * Trust company

Education

 * For the typical finance career path and corresponding education requirements see:
 * Financial analyst generally, and esp. § Qualification, discussing various investment, banking, and corporate roles (i.e. financial management, corporate finance, investment banking, securities analysis & valuation, portfolio & investment management, credit analysis, working capital & treasury management; see )
 * Quantitative analyst, and, specifically re roles in quantitative finance (i.e. derivative pricing & hedging, interest rate modeling, financial risk management, financial engineering, computational finance; also, the mathematically intensive variant on the banking roles; see )
 * Business education lists undergraduate degrees in business, commerce, accounting and economics; "finance" may be taken as a major in most of these, whereas "quantitative finance" is almost invariably postgraduate, following a math-focused Bachelors; the most common degrees for (entry level) investment, banking, and corporate roles are:
 * Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
 * Bachelor of Commerce (BCom)
 * Bachelor of Accountancy (B.Acc)
 * Bachelor of Economics (B.Econ)
 * Bachelor of Finance - the undergraduate version of the MSF below
 * The tagged BS / BA "in Finance", or less common, "in Investment Management" or "in Personal Finance"
 * At the postgraduate level, the MBA, MCom and MSM (and recently the Master of Applied Economics) similarly offer training in finance generally; at this level there are also the following specifically focused master's degrees, with MSF the broadest - see for their focus and inter-relation:
 * Master of Applied Finance (M.App.Fin)
 * Master of Commerce in Finance (MCom)
 * Master of Computational Finance
 * Master's in Corporate Finance
 * Master of Finance (M.Fin, MIF)
 * Master's in Financial Analysis
 * Master of Financial Economics
 * Master of Financial Engineering (MFE)
 * Master of Financial Planning
 * Master's in Financial Management
 * Master of Financial Mathematics
 * Master's in Financial Risk Management
 * Master's in Investment Management
 * Master of Mathematical Finance
 * Master of Quantitative Finance (MQF)
 * Master of Science in Finance (MSF, MSc Finance)
 * MS in Fintech
 * Doctoral-training in finance is usually a requirement for academia, but not relevant to industry
 * quants often enter the profession with PhDs in disciplines such as physics, mathematics, engineering, and computer science, and learn finance "on the job”
 * as an academic field, finance theory is studied and developed within the disciplines of management, (financial) economics, accountancy, and applied / financial mathematics.
 * For specialized roles, there are various Professional Certifications in financial services (see above); the best recognized are arguably:
 * Association of Corporate Treasurers (MCT / FCT)
 * Certificate in Quantitative Finance (CQF)
 * Certified Financial Planner (CFP)
 * Certified International Investment Analyst (CIIA)
 * Certified Treasury Professional (CTP)
 * Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA)
 * Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)
 * Chartered Wealth Manager (CWM)
 * CISI Diploma in Capital Markets (MCSI)
 * Financial Risk Manager (FRM)
 * Professional Risk Manager (PRM)
 * Various organizations offer executive education, CPD, or other focused training programs, including:
 * Amsterdam Institute of Finance
 * Canadian Securities Institute
 * Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment
 * GARP
 * Global Risk Institute
 * ICMA Centre
 * The London Institute of Banking & Finance
 * New York Institute of Finance
 * PRMIA
 * South African Institute of Financial Markets
 * Swiss Finance Institute
 * See also qualifications in related fields:
 * Actuarial credentialing and exams
 * Business education
 * Economics education
 * Economics education
 * Economics education

Related lists

 * Index of accounting articles
 * Outline of business management
 * Outline of marketing
 * Outline of economics
 * Outline of production
 * Index of international trade articles
 * Outline of commercial law
 * List of business theorists
 * Outline of actuarial science