PLY (file format)

PLY is a computer file format known as the Polygon File Format or the Stanford Triangle Format. It was principally designed to store three-dimensional data from 3D scanners. The data storage format supports a relatively simple description of a single object as a list of nominally flat polygons. A variety of properties can be stored, including color and transparency, surface normals, texture coordinates and data confidence values. The format permits one to have different properties for the front and back of a polygon.

There are two versions of the file format, one in ASCII, the other in binary.

The file format
A Ply file starts with the "header" attribute, which specifies the elements of a mesh and their types, followed by the list of elements itself. The elements are usually vertices and faces, but may include other entities such as edges, samples of range maps, and triangle strips.

The header of both ASCII and binary files is ASCII text. Only the numerical data that follows the header is different between the two versions. The header always starts with a "magic number", a line containing:

ply

which identifies the file as a PLY file. The second line indicates which variation of the PLY format this is. It should be one of the following:

format ascii 1.0 format binary_little_endian 1.0 format binary_big_endian 1.0

Future versions of the standard will change the revision number at the end - but 1.0 is the only version currently in use.

Comments may be placed in the header by using the word  at the start of the line. Everything from there until the end of the line should then be ignored. e.g.:

comment This is a comment!

The  keyword introduces a description of how some particular data elements are stored and how many of them there are. Hence, in a file where there are 12 vertices, each represented as a floating point (X,Y,Z) triple, one would expect to see:

element vertex 12 property float x property float y property float z

Other  lines might indicate that colours or other data items are stored at each vertex and indicate the data type of that information. Regarding the data type, there are two variants depending on the source of the ply file. The type can be specified with one of, or one of. For an object with ten polygonal faces, one might see:

element face 10 property list uchar int vertex_index

PLY implementations vary wildly in the property names. is more often used than, for example in Blender and VTK. The extended specification lists a "Core List (required)", "Second List (often used)" and "Third List (suggested extensions)" of property names.

The word  indicates that the data is a list of values, the first of which is the number of entries in the list (represented as a 'uchar' in this case). In this example each list entry is represented as an 'int'. At the end of the header, there must always be the line:

end_header

ASCII or binary format
In the ASCII version of the format, the vertices and faces are each described one to a line with the numbers separated by white space. In the binary version, the data is simply packed closely together at the  specified in the header and with the data types given in the   records. For the common  representation for polygons, the first number for that element is the number of vertices that the polygon has and the remaining numbers are the indices of those vertices in the preceding vertex list.

History
The PLY format was developed in the mid-90s by Greg Turk and others in the Stanford graphics lab under the direction of Marc Levoy. Its design was inspired by the Wavefront .obj format. However, the Obj format lacked extensibility for arbitrary properties and groupings, so the  and   keywords were devised to generalize the notions of vertices, faces, associated data, and other groups.

Example file
The following is a full example of a PLY file which describes a cube mesh exported from Blender version 4.0.2:

ply format ascii 1.0 comment Created in Blender version 4.0.2 element vertex 14 property float x property float y property float z property float nx property float ny property float nz property float s property float t element face 6 property list uchar uint vertex_indices end_header 1 1 1 0.5773503 0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 0.5 -1 1 1 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.5773503 0.875 0.5 -1 -1 1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.875 0.75 1 -1 1 0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 0.75 1 -1 -1 0.5773503 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 0.75 -1 -1 1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 1 -1 -1 -1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 1 -1 -1 -1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 0 -1 -1 1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 0 -1 1 1 -0.5773503 0.5773503 0.5773503 0.625 0.25 -1 1 -1 -0.5773503 0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 0.25 -1 1 -1 -0.5773503 0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.125 0.5 1 1 -1 0.5773503 0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.375 0.5 -1 -1 -1 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 -0.5773503 0.125 0.75 4 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 6 4 7 8 9 10 4 11 12 4 13 4 12 0 3 4 4 10 9 0 12

The file starts with the header which defines a file in ASCII format. There are 14 vertices (6 faces * 4 vertices - 10 vertices saved due to merging) and 6 faces in total. After the header, the vertex and face data is listed. The vertex list contains position (x,y,z), normals (nx,ny,nz) and texture coordinates (s,t) for each of the 14 vertices. The face list contains the vertex count (4) and the vertex indices for each of the 6 quadrilateral faces.

Open source software

 * CloudCompare having a focus on point clouds with some additional functions for meshes.
 * GigaMesh Software Framework: numerical computations on meshes in PLY (or OBJ).
 * MeshLab: generic application for visualizing, processing and converting three-dimensional meshes to or from the PLY file format.