Palatalization (sound change)

Palatalization  is a historical-linguistic sound change that results in a palatalized articulation of a consonant or, in certain cases, a front vowel. Palatalization involves change in the place or manner of articulation of consonants, or the fronting or raising of vowels. In some cases, palatalization involves assimilation or lenition.

Types
Palatalization is sometimes an example of assimilation. In some cases, it is triggered by a palatal or palatalized consonant or front vowel, but in other cases, it is not conditioned in any way.

Consonant
Palatalization changes place of articulation or manner of articulation of consonants. It may add palatal secondary articulation or change primary articulation from velar to palatal or alveolar, alveolar to postalveolar.

It may also cause a consonant to change its manner of articulation from stop to affricate or fricative. The change in the manner of articulation is a form of lenition. However, the lenition is frequently accompanied by a change in place of articulation.

Palatalization of velar consonants commonly causes them to front, and apical and coronal consonants are usually raised. In the process, stop consonants are often spirantised except for palatalized labials.

Palatalization, as a sound change, is usually triggered only by mid and close (high) front vowels and the semivowel. The sound that results from palatalization may vary from language to language. For example, palatalization of may produce, etc. A change from  to  may pass through  as an intermediate state, but there is no requirement for that to happen.

In the Nupe language, and  are palatalized both before front vowels and, while velars are only palatalized before front vowels. In Ciluba, palatalizes only a preceding, ,  or. In some variants of Ojibwe, velars are palatalized before, but apicals are not. In Indo-Aryan languages, dentals and are palatalized when occurring in clusters before, but velars are not.

Vowel
Palatalization sometimes refers to vowel shifts, the fronting of a back vowel or raising of a front vowel. The shifts are sometimes triggered by a nearby palatal or palatalized consonant or by a high front vowel. The Germanic umlaut is a famous example.

A similar change is reconstructed in the history of Old French in which Bartsch's law turned open vowels into or  after a palatalized velar consonant. If it was true for all open vowels in Old French, it would explain the palatalization of velar plosives before.

In Erzya, a Uralic language, the open vowel is raised to near-open  after a palatalized consonant, as in the name of the language,.

In Russian, the back vowels are fronted to central, and the open vowel  is raised to near-open , near palatalized consonants. The palatalized consonants also factor in how unstressed vowels are reduced.

Unconditioned
Palatalization is sometimes unconditioned or spontaneous, not triggered by a palatal or palatalized consonant or front vowel.

In southwestern Romance, clusters of a voiceless obstruent with were palatalized once or twice. This first palatalization was unconditioned. It resulted in a cluster with a palatal lateral, a palatal lateral on its own, or a cluster with a palatal approximant. In a second palatalization, the was affricated to  or spirantized to.
 * Vulgar Latin clāmāre "to call" > Aromanian cl'imari /kʎimari/, Aragonese clamar /kʎamar/, Spanish llamar (>), Italian chiamare
 * > Istriot ciamà, Portuguese chamar

In the Western Romance languages, Latin was palatalized once or twice. The first palatalization was unconditioned: the was vocalized to  or spirantized to. In a second palatalization, the was affricated to :
 * Vulgar Latin noctem "night" > French nuit, Portuguese noite /, eastern Occitan nuèit, Catalan nit (Old Catalan nuit), Mozarabic noxte , Galician noite
 * > Spanish noche, western Occitan nuèch, Romansh notg

Allophony and phonemic split
Palatalization may result in a phonemic split, a historical change by which a phoneme becomes two new phonemes over time through palatalization.

Old historical splits have frequently drifted since the time they occurred and may be independent of current phonetic palatalization. The lenition tendency of palatalized consonants (by assibilation and deaffrication) is important. According to some analyses, the lenition of the palatalized consonant is still a part of the palatalization process itself.

In Japanese, allophonic palatalization affected the dental plosives and, turning them into alveolo-palatal affricates  and  before , romanized as ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨j⟩ respectively. Japanese has, however, recently regained phonetic and  from loanwords, and the originally-allophonic palatalization has thus become lexical. A similar change has also happened in Polish and Belarusian. That would also be true about most dialects of Brazilian Portuguese but for the strong phonotactical resistance of its native speakers that turn dental plosives into post-alveolar affricates even in loanwords: McDonald's.

For example, Votic has undergone such a change historically, *keeli → tšeeli 'language', but there is currently an additional distinction between palatalized laminal and non-palatalized apical consonants. An extreme example occurs in Spanish, whose palatalized ('soft') g has ended up as from a long process where Latin  became palatalized to  (Late Latin) and then affricated to  (Proto-Romance), deaffricated to  (Old Spanish), devoiced to  (16th century), and finally retracted to a velar, giving  (c. 1650). (See History of the Spanish language and Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives for more information).

Examples
Palatalization has played a major role in the history of English, and of other languages and language groups throughout the world, such as the Slavic languages.

Anglo-Frisian
In Anglo-Frisian, the language that gave rise to English and the Frisian languages, the velar stops and the consonant cluster  were palatalized in certain cases and became the sounds, , , and. Many words with Anglo-Frisian palatalization survive in Modern English, and the palatalized sounds are typically spelled $⟨ch⟩$, $⟨(d)ge⟩$, $⟨y⟩$, and $⟨sh⟩$ in Modern English.

Palatalization only occurred in certain environments, and so it did not apply to all words from the same root. This is the origin of some alternations in cognate words, such as speak and speech, cold and chill , burrow and bury , dawn and day. Here $⟨k⟩$ originates from unpalatalized and $⟨w⟩$ from unpalatalized.

Some English words with palatalization have unpalatalized doublets from the Northumbrian dialect and from Old Norse, such as shirt and skirt, church and kirk , ditch and dike. German only underwent palatalization of : cheese and Käse ; lie  and  liegen ; lay  and legen ; fish and Fisch.

The pronunciation of wicca as with a hard $⟨c⟩$ is a spelling pronunciation, since the actual Old English pronunciation gave rise to witch.

Other
Others include the following: In some English-speaking areas, the sound /s/ changed to /ʃ/, like for example in the words Worcestershire (/wʊs.tɚ.ʃiɹ/ to /wʊʃ.tɚ.ʃiɹ/) and Association (/əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃən/ to /əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/). Various other examples include asphalt, (to) assume.
 * Palatisation of /s/ to /ʃ/ in modern English
 * Rhotic palatalization:
 * This is found in non-rhotic dialects of New York City, according to Labov, triggered by the loss of the coil–curl merger. It results in the palatalization of /ɝ/.  (Labov never specified the resultant vowel.)


 * In Glasgow and some other urban Scottish accents, is given an apico-alveolar articulation, which auditorily gives an impression of a retracted pronunciation similar to.

Historical
While in most Semitic languages, e.g. Aramaic, Hebrew, Ge'ez the Gimel represents a, Arabic is considered unique among them where the Gimel was palatalized in most dialects to Jīm $⟨ج⟩$ an affricate or further into a fricative. While there is variation in Modern Arabic varieties, most of them reflect this palatalized pronunciation except in Egyptian Arabic and a number of Yemeni and Omani dialects, where it is pronounced as. It is not well known when this change occurred or if it is connected to the pronunciation of Qāf $⟨ق⟩$ as a, but in most of the Arabian peninsula which is the homeland of the Arabic language, the $⟨ج⟩$ represents a and $⟨ق⟩$ represents a , except in western and southern Yemen and parts of Oman where $⟨ج⟩$ represents a  and $⟨ق⟩$ represents a , which shows a strong correlation between the palatalization of $⟨ج⟩$ to  and the pronunciation of the $⟨ق⟩$ as a  as shown in the table below:

Modern Arabic dialects
Some modern Arabic varieties developed palatalization of $⟨ك⟩$ (turning into, , , or ), $⟨ق⟩$ (turning  into  or ) and $⟨ج⟩$ (turning  into ), usually when adjacent to front vowel, though these palatalizations also occur in other environments as well. These three palatalizations occur in a variety of dialects, including Iraqi, rural Levantine varieties (e.g. rural Palestinian), a number of Gulf Arabic dialects, such as Kuwaiti, Qatari, Bahraini, and Emarati, as well as others like Najdi,  parts of Oman, and various Bedouin dialects across the Arab World. Examples:


 * كلب ('dog') > Iraqi and Gulf , and traditional Najdi.
 * ديك ('rooster') > rural Palestinian
 * الشارقة ('Sharjah') > Gulf  while other neighboring dialects pronounce it  without palatalization.
 * جديد ('new') > Gulf
 * قربة ('water container') > traditional Najdi, although this phenomenon is fading among the younger generations where قربة is pronounced  like in most other dialects in Saudi Arabia.

Palatalization occurs in the pronunciation of the second person feminine singular pronoun in those dialects. For instance:

Classical Arabic عَيْنُكِ 'your eye' (to a female) is pronounced:


 * in Gulf, Iraqi, and rural levantine dialects (e.g. rural Palestinian)
 * in traditional Najdi and a number of bedouin dialects.
 * or in some southern dialects in Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

Speakers in these dialects that do not use the palatalization would merge the feminine and masculine suffix pronouns e.g. عينك ('your eye' to a male/female) as opposed to Classical Arabic  عَيْنُكَ ('your eye' to a male) and  عَيْنُكِ ('your eye' to a female) and most other modern urban dialects  (to a male) and  (to a female).

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic features the palatalization of kaph (turning into ), taw (turning  into ) and gimel (turning  into ), albeit in some dialects only and seldom in the standardized version of the language.
 * In the Upper Tyari dialects, in a stressed syllable is palatalized and replaced with  (e.g. beta, 'house' ).
 * may be palatalized to among Assyrians who originate from Urmia; Iran; and Nochiya, southeastern Turkey.
 * In Urmian and some Tyari dialects, is palatalized to.

Romance languages
The Romance languages developed from Vulgar Latin, the colloquial form of Latin spoken in the Roman Empire. Various palatalizations occurred during the historical development of the Romance languages. Some groups of the Romance languages underwent more palatalizations than others. One palatalization affected all groups, some palatalizations affected most groups, and one affected only a few groups.

Gallo-Romance
In Gallo-Romance, Vulgar Latin * became * very early (and then in French become ), with the subsequent deaffrication and some further developments of the vowel. For instance:
 * cattus "cat" > chat
 * calva "bald" (fem.) > chauve
 * *blanca "white" (fem.) > blanche
 * catēna "chain" > chaîne
 * carus "dear" > cher

Early English borrowings from French show the original affricate, as chamber "(private) room" < Old French chambre  < Vulgar Latin camera; compare French chambre  "room".

Mouillé
Mouillé (, "moistened") is a term for palatal consonants in the Romance languages. Palatal consonants in the Romance languages developed from or  by palatalization.

L and n mouillé have a variety of origins in the Romance languages. In these tables, letters that represent or used to represent or  are bolded. In French, merged with  in pronunciation in the 18th century; in most dialects of Spanish,  has merged with. Romanian formerly had both and, but both have either merged with  or got lost: muliĕr(em) >  > Romanian muiere  "woman"; vinĕa >  > Romanian vie  "vineyard".

Satem languages
In certain Indo-European language groups, the reconstructed "palato-velars" of Proto-Indo-European  were palatalized into sibilants. The language groups with and without palatalization are called satem and centum languages, after the characteristic developments of the PIE word for "hundred":
 * PIE > Avestan satəm (palatalization)
 * Latin centum (no palatalization)

Slavic languages
The Slavic languages are known for their tendency towards palatalization.

In Proto-Slavic or Common Slavic times the velars *k *g *x experienced three successive palatalizations. In the first palatalization they were fronted to *č *ž *š before the front vowels *e *ē *i *ī. In the second palatalization, the velars changed to *c, *dz or *z, and *s or *š (depending on dialect) before new *ē *ī (either from monophthongization of previous diphthongs or from borrowings). The third palatalization, also called the progressive palatalization, was triggered by a preceding *i or *ī and had the same outcomes as the second palatalization.

In the process of iotation various sounds were also palatalized in front of the semivowel *j. The results vary by language.

In addition, there were further palatalizing sound changes in the various Slavic languages after the break-up of Proto-Slavic. In some of them, including Polish and Russian, most sounds were palatalized by a following front vowel, causing the rise of a phonological contrast between hard (unpalatalized) and soft (palatalized) consonants. In Kashubian and the neighboring Polish dialects the reflexes of PS velars *k *g were palatalized a fourth time before front vowels, resulting in palatal affricates.

Sinitic languages
In many varieties of Chinese, namely Mandarin, Northern Wu, and several others scattered throughout China, the velar series,, were palatalized before the medials and shifted to alveolo-palatal series. Alveolo-palatal consonants occur in modern Standard Chinese and are written as $⟨j⟩$ in Pinyin. Postal romanization does not show palatalized consonants, reflecting the dialect of the imperial court during the Qing dynasty. For instance, the name of the capital of China was formerly spelled Peking, but is now spelled Běijīng, and Tientsin and Sian were the former spellings of Tiānjīn and Xī'ān.